Crataegus punctata, commonly known as the Dotted Hawthorn or White Thorn, is a deciduous tree characterized by its sturdy, spreading branches, dense crown, and distinctive thorns that can reach up to 3 inches (7 cm) in length. Its name “punctata” stems from the tiny dots visible on the fruit surface.
I. Appearance and Characteristics
Crataegus punctata is a species of hawthorn known by the common names dotted hawthorn or white haw that is native to most of the eastern United States and eastern Canada. While some sources claim it is the state flower of Missouri, the actual legislation does not identify an exact species. Furthermore, the Missouri Department of Conservation asserts the Crataegus mollis was specifically designated as the state flower.
Although many North American hawthorns are polyploid and reproduce by apomixis, this species is apparently diploid and sexual, at least throughout Ontario, Canada. The name white haw refers to its distinctive pale (gray) bark, which is particularly noticeable in the winter landscape. The plant is a bush or small tree about 7 meters in height and very thorny, particularly on the trunk.
The flower has three to five styles and approximately 20 stamens, and the fruit is a pome-type polypyrenous drupe which contains three to five pits. Another color varies from deep purple through red to pink to white, and the mature fruit color can be deep burgundy, scarlet, yellow, or yellow with a red cheek.
Flowering occurs in late spring, typically in May, following the emergence of the leaves.
The fruits serve as a food source for various birds and mammals, enhancing local biodiversity. The dense crown provides shelter and nesting sites. The spring flowers are a nectar source for pollinators like bees, and butterflies.
Dotted hawthorn is hardy in USDA zones 4-7, capable of withstanding cold winters once established.
II. How to Grow and Care
Dotted hawthorn typically thrives with minimal maintenance, making it an easy-care option for gardeners. Key care points include ensuring well-drained soil to prevent root rot and providing full sun exposure to promote healthy growth and flowering. Pruning is not essential but may enhance shape and encourage more prolific blooming. Dotted hawthorn’s resilience to pests and adaptability to a range of temperate climates further contribute to its general ease of care.
Sunlight
Dotted Hawthorn performs best in full sun (6 hrs direct light daily). It tolerates light shade, but best in full sun.
Watering
Originating from temperate regions, dotted hawthorn is adapted to environments with moderate moisture levels. It exhibits a preference for consistent soil moisture without being waterlogged, indicative of its resilience to variable hydration conditions. For optimal growth, dotted hawthorn requires watering once every 1-2 weeks, maintaining a balance between dry spells and adequate hydration. As an outdoor plant that thrives in various climate zones, dotted hawthorn benefits significantly from natural rainfall patterns which complement its watering schedule and promote healthy growth cycles.
Soil
Dotted Hawthorn prefers alkaline, well-drained soil. It tolerates clay soil and dry sites.
Fertilizing
For dotted hawthorn, a balanced fertilizer is optimal, applied once in early spring and again in mid-autumn to support vigorous growth and prolific fruit production. Use it sparingly, following manufacturer guidelines to avoid root burn. Seasonal adjustments in fertilization enhance dotted hawthorn’s adaptation to growth phases and changing energy requirements. Implement a light top-dressing technique to distribute the fertilizer evenly without harming dotted hawthorn. Refrain from over-fertilization, as it can harm dotted hawthorn’s natural resilience and soil health.
Pruning
Prune in late winter or early spring to remove dead, diseased, or crowded branches and maintain shape.
Propagation
Dotted hawthorn is a resilient member of the Rosaceae family best propagated through sowing. Successful cultivation involves preparing a well-draining soil mix and ensuring the seeds receive stratification to break dormancy. Direct sowing in the desired location allows for natural root development, while starting in pots offers more controlled germination conditions. Seeds typically germinate better when fresh, though patience is key, as germination can be slow. Once established, dotted hawthorn is tolerant of various conditions, making it a suitable choice for many gardeners.
Transplanting
The optimal time to transplant dotted hawthorn is when spring awakens the soil, particularly in its early to mid phases, ensuring robust growth. Choose a sun-dappled site with well-drained soil to accommodate dotted hawthorn’s needs, and handle roots with care to promote healthy establishment.
Pests and Diseases
Hawthorns are susceptible to cedar-hawthorn rust, quince rust, and fire blight. Other potential diseases include apple scab, leaf spot, and powdery mildew. Potential insect pests include aphids, borers, leaf miners, lace bugs, spider mites, and scales.
III. Uses and Benefits
It’s widely used as an ornamental tree due to its showy flowers and colorful fall foliage. Its compact size makes it suitable for urban and suburban landscapes. The haws are used for making jellies and preserves. Beyond its ornamental appeal, it’s valuable for soil stabilization and as a windbreak. This tree has very long thorns and should be sited carefully.
