Crataegus mollis is closely related to Crataegus submollis, but the two species have separate native ranges. Amongst other differences between these two species, C. submollis has approximately 10 stamens, whereas C. mollis has approximately 20 stamens per flower.
I. Appearance and Characteristics
Crataegus mollis, known as downy hawthorn or red hawthorn, is a species of plant that occurs in eastern North America from southeastern North Dakota east to Nova Scotia and southwest to eastern Texas. The range of this species is from southern Ontario and Michigan to eastern North Dakota and southward to Denison, Texas, and Arizona. This tree inhabits wooded bottomlands, the prairie border, and the midwest savanna understorey.
This tree grows to 10–13 m (33–43 ft) high with a dense crown of thorny branches and an ash-grey trunk. The leaves are 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) in length and often drop in late summer due to defoliation by leaf diseases. The tree seems to suffer little from the early loss of its leaves. Among the earliest in the genus to bloom, downy hawthorn also has earliest ripening fruit, which decorate the defoliated tree in late summer and early fall. The large brightly colored edible fruit of the species ripen from the middle of August to early in September. It is closely related to Crataegus submollis, but the two species have separate native ranges. Amongst other differences between these two species, C. submollis has approximately 10 stamens, whereas C. mollis has approximately 20 stamens per flower.
The white flowers are borne in clusters at the end of the branches in spring. The bright red edible fruit ripens in late summer and early fall and falls soon after.
This species is a target of Gypsy moths. Leaf rusts and fire blight are among the many foliage diseases to affect this species. The sharp thorns are a hazard.
This species is uncommon in cultivation.
The seeds of the species usually do not germinate until two to three years after the fruit has ripened as they have a latent period.
The seeds inside the hawthorn fruits contain cyanide precursors and are toxic if consumed in large quantities. Proper caution should be exercised to prevent ingestion by children and pets.
II. How to Grow and Care
Sunlight
Downy hawthorn requires full sun to partial shade to thrive and produce its characteristic flowers and fruit.
Watering
Native to the deciduous woodlands of North America, downy hawthorn thrives in moderately moist soil conditions and is accustomed to the variable water availability of its habitat. It exhibits a preference for consistent moisture without being waterlogged, striking a balance that supports its health. Watering should align with this balance, translating to twice a week to maintain optimal hydration. As an outdoor plant often found in temperate regions, downy hawthorn benefits from mulching which helps retain soil moisture and regulates root temperature.
Soil
A key special care point for downy hawthorn is ensuring it has well-drained soil, as it is sensitive to waterlogged conditions which can lead to root diseases
Pruning
Best in late winter; remove dead, diseased branches or for shape; avoid heavy pruning.
Propagation
Downy hawthorn is a hardy deciduous shrub known for its clusters of white flowers and red fruit. To propagate downy hawthorn, softwood cuttings taken in late spring or early summer are most effective. Choose healthy, new growth, ensuring cuttings are 4-6 inches long with several leaf nodes. Dip the cut end in rooting hormone to encourage root development. Plant in a well-draining soil mix, and maintain consistent moisture and high humidity. Roots typically establish within a few weeks, after which the young downy hawthorn can be gradually acclimatized to outdoor conditions before transplanting.
Pests and Diseases
Hawthorns are susceptible to cedar-hawthorn rust, quince rust, and fire blight. Other potential diseases include apple scab, leaf spot, and powdery mildew. Potential insect pests include aphids, borers, leaf miners, lace bugs, spider mites, and scales.
III. Uses and Benefits
- Human uses
Its uses are varied, including ornamental plantings due to its beautiful flowers and colorful autumn leaves and habitat plantings because it provides food and shelter for wildlife. Ideal for urban settings due to pollution tolerance, it’s used in naturalized or wildlife gardens, hedges, and windbreaks. The wood, tough and heavy, has been used for tool handles and other small items.
- Wildlife uses
The fruits are a crucial food source for numerous birds and mammals during the fall and winter, while the dense branches offer shelter and nesting sites. The spring flowers are a nectar source for pollinators like bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds, essential for maintaining ecological balance. Downy Hawthorn is particularly enticing to several bird species, including the American Robin, Brown Thrasher, Cedar Waxwing, Gray Catbird, Northern Cardinal, and Northern Mockingbird. Its abundant berries and dense foliage provide essential food and shelter, making it a favored habitat for these avian visitors.