European larch (Larix decidua) is a conifer that originates in mountainous regions in Central Europe. Widespread cultivation began in the 17th century, and many Dukes advocated for planting european larch. The tree is planted for ornamental purposes in gardens, and the wood is also used commercially. European larch wood is thought to be particularly useful for building yachts.
I. Appearance and CharacteristicsÂ
Larix decidua, the European larch, is a species of larch native to the mountains of central Europe, in the Alps and Carpathian Mountains as well as the Pyrenees, with disjunct lowland populations in northern Poland and southern Lithuania. It is widely naturalized in Scandinavia. Its lifespan has been confirmed to be close to 1000 years (with claims of up to 2000 years) but is more often around 200 years. It is claimed that one of the larches planted by the second Duke of Atholl at Dunkeld in 1738 is still standing.
Larix decidua is a medium-size to large deciduous coniferous tree reaching 25–45 m tall, with a trunk up to 1 m diameter (exceptionally, to 53.8 m tall and 3.5 m diameter). The crown is conic when young, becoming broad with age; the main branches are level to upswept, with the side branches often pendulous. The shoots are dimorphic, with growth divided into long shoots (typically 10–50 cm long) and bearing several buds, and short shoots only 1–2 mm long with only a single bud. The leaves are needle-like, light green, 2–4 cm long which turn bright yellow before they fall in the autumn, leaving the pale yellow-buff shoots bare until the next spring.
The cones are erect, ovoid-conic, 2–6 cm long, with 10-90 erect or slightly incurved (not reflexed) seed scales; they are green variably flushed red when immature, turning brown and opening to release the seeds when mature, 4–6 months after pollination. The old cones commonly remain on the tree for many years, turning dull gray-black.
It is very cold tolerant, able to survive winter temperatures down to at least -50 °C, and is among the tree line trees in the Alps, reaching 2400 m altitude, though most abundant from 1000–2000 m. It only grows on well-drained soils, avoiding waterlogged ground and is not shade tolerant.
It is thought to have been first cultivated in Britain in 1629. John Evelyn encouraged its wider planting and use. Three successive Dukes of Atholl planted it widely and the fourth Duke wrote “Observations on Larch” in 1807 encouraging further its cultivation, which he practiced on a large scale.
European larch is widely cultivated in southern Canada and the northeastern United States. It has been naturalized in Maine, Michigan, New York, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Rhode Island. In the northern Appalachian Mountains it is often used for the reforestation of surface mines. European larch can grow on drier soils and tolerate warmer climates than the native tamarack, being better suited to non-boreal climates.
II. How to Grow and Care
European larch is known for its ability to thrive in cooler climates and demands ample space for root and canopy growth. Special care points include the necessity for well-draining soil to prevent root rot and careful water management to mimic its native alpine environment. Its maintenance may be challenging due to these specific care requirements and its large size, categorizing it as a ‘difficult’ plant to care for.
Sunlight
European larch thrives in full sun conditions, benefiting from direct sunlight to optimize photosynthesis and growth. It tolerates some partial sun, however, prolonged periods away from ample light may result in stunted growth and reduced vigor. Its needle-like leaves are well-suited to absorbing high light intensity. While european larch adjusts somewhat to less than ideal light, it flourishes best in open spaces that receive unobstructed sunlight for the majority of the day, making it a plant more suitable for outdoor planting rather than indoor environments.
Watering
Originating from cool temperate climates, european larch is adapted to environments with distinct seasonal changes and has moderate drought tolerance. This species thrives in conditions that mimic its native habitat’s periodic moisture availability, necessitating watering once every 1-2 weeks. As a deciduous conifer, european larch sheds its needles annually, which impacts its water uptake and conservation strategies. Typically grown outdoors due to its size and growth pattern, european larch’s water needs fluctuate with the seasons, requiring less frequent irrigation during its dormant winter phase.
Soil
This plant is easily grown in deep, well-drained soils. It tolerates poor soils but not pollution
Fertilizing
For European larch, use balanced nutrition fertilizers, applying in early spring as growth commences. Ideal frequency is biannually, with reduced quantities in autumn to avoid stimulating late growth. This regimen promotes robust health and supports seasonal patterns. Caution against over-fertilization; adhere to package instructions. Mulching aids in nutrient release, complementing fertilization efforts. Seasonal adjustments are crucial for european larch’s vitality.
Propagation
The propagation of European larch is best achieved through layering, cutting, or sowing, ideally during autumn or winter. Though propagation is moderately challenging, successful growth can be recognized by healthy root development. Ensure appropriate environmental conditions to enhance propagation success.
Transplanting
The best time to transplant European larch is during the sweet spot between late spring and early summer. Choose a location with well-drained soil and adequate sunlight. When transplanting, keep root disturbance to a minimum for optimal growth and establishment.
III. Uses and BenefitsÂ
European larch is a popular tree in colder climates commonly planted in front and backyards for shade, valued for its attractive needles which turn a striking yellow-orange color in the fall. Planting the trees close together creates a natural privacy fence along property lines and in front of busy streets.
