The Daphne mezereum is a deciduous shrub that can grow up to 1.5 m tall. Its leaves are soft, spirally arranged on the stems. The february daphne produces a bright red berry as the fruit which is extremely poisonous for humans.
I. Appearance and Characteristics
Daphne mezereum, commonly known as mezereum, mezereon, February daphne, spurge laurel or spurge olive, is a species of Daphne in the flowering plant family Thymelaeaceae, native to most of Europe and Western Asia, north to northern Scandinavia and Russia. In southern Europe it is confined to medium to higher elevations and in the subalpine vegetation zone, but descends to near sea level in northern Europe. It is generally confined to soils derived from limestone.
It is a deciduous shrub growing to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) tall. The leaves are soft, 3–8 cm long and 1–2 cm broad, arranged spirally on the stems. The flowers are produced in early spring on the bare stems before the leaves appear. They have a four-lobed pink or light purple (rarely white) perianth 10–15 mm diameter, and are strongly scented. The fruit is a bright red berry 7–12 mm diameter; it is very poisonous for humans, though fruit-eating birds like thrushes are immune and eat them, dispersing the seeds in their droppings.
Daphne mezereum is very toxic because of the compounds mezerein and daphnin present especially in the berries and twigs. If poisoned, victims experience a choking sensation. Handling the fresh twigs can cause rashes and eczema in sensitive individuals. Despite this, it is commonly grown as an ornamental plant in gardens for its attractive flowers. The native wild version became a protected species in the UK in 1975 under the Conservation of Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act.
Symptoms of poisoning
Ingestion of plant parts leads within a few hours to severe irritation and a burning sensation in the mouth, with swelling of the lips and face, increased salivation, hoarseness and difficulty in swallowing. These symptoms are soon followed by severe abdominal pain, headache, numbness, nausea and bloody diarrhoea. Children (who may be poisoned by the attractive red fruits) often show additional narcotic symptoms with muscular twitching. Work by Frohne and Pfänder has determined that it is the chewed seed, not the fruit pulp, that is responsible for the severe symptoms of poisoning by the berries.
II. How to Grow and Care
February daphne is known for its ease of care and resilience in temperate climates. As a low-maintenance shrub, the main requirement for february daphne is well-drained soil and partial to full sun exposure for optimal flowering. It’s imperative to handle with care, as all parts are toxic if ingested, and its sap can cause skin irritation. Timely pruning after flowering maintains plant health and aesthetic form.
Sunlight
Sunlight requirements vary depending on variety. While most prefer a sunny area in the garden, others require partial shade. A good tip is to make sure that the roots of the plant are in the shade, regardless of which february daphne you have.
Temperature
Native to Europe, Africa, and parts of Asia, the february daphne requires temperatures between 12 to 20 ℃ to flourish, but can happily withstand temperatures down to 5 ℃. If the temperature reaches -5 ℃ for extended periods, then the plant may start to wither and die. The february daphne is very hardy, and can withstand drought and frost for short periods.
Watering
Originating from temperate regions, february daphne has adapted to withstand periods of lower moisture availability. This species thrives with moderate humidity and exhibits a preference for consistent but not excessive watering, aligning with its natural habitat’s conditions. Watering should be scheduled once every three weeks, ensuring the soil partially dries out between sessions to mimic its native environment. Typically grown outdoors due to its resilience and seasonal changes, february daphne benefits from mulching to retain soil moisture during its active growing season.
Soil
The optimum soil for february daphne would be a nutrient-rich, loamy soil with a pH value of 7-8 (so slightly alkaline). At the same time, the soil should be well-draining, so try to avoid heavy soils or soils that dry out quickly – the plant will struggle with either waterlogged or dry soil.
Fertilizing
For healthy growth and vivid blossoming, february daphne benefits from balanced nutrition fertilizers. Apply a slow-release, balanced formula in spring as new growth emerges, following dosage instructions; refrain from late-season fertilization which can impede dormancy. Seasonal adjustments are vital: additional applications can support the plant during active growth periods, but cease as fall approaches to ensure plant hardiness. Use caution: over-fertilization risks root damage. Regular observance of plant responses helps tailor a fertilization regimen that bolsters February daphne’s vitality.
Pruning
The february daphne does not like to be pruned – this may lead to die-back. If you notice parts of your plant require removal, such as damaged or wayward branches, remove these at the beginning of spring. Because the february daphne is toxic, wear gloves and adequate eye protection when handling – the plant is a known skin and eye irritant.
Propagation
February daphne is a deciduous shrub known for its fragrant, pink to purple flowers that bloom in late winter to early spring. For successful propagation, semi-ripe cuttings are ideal, which are best taken in summer when growth is vigorous. Carefully select healthy, non-flowering shoots, as these will root more readily. To enhance rooting potential, use a rooting hormone before placing the cutting in a well-draining, moist propagation medium. Maintain high humidity and steady temperatures around the cuttings to encourage root development without promoting rot.
Transplanting
The best time to move February daphne is during early to mid-autumn – an ideal window to minimize shock and promote root growth. Locate the plant in a spot with well-draining soil and partial to full sun exposure. Remember, a gentle touch is key during transplant!
III. Uses and Benefits
February daphne is a cold-hardy shrub that does not tolerate heat or the sun. As a result, it performs best in shade and woodland gardens, where it is used to provide winter color. The bushy shrub produces fragrant flowers in the late winter and early spring. In the summer, the bush produces colorful seed pods.
IV. Harvesting and Storage
The february daphne can be harvested as a cut flower and displayed in vases indoors – its delightful scent will quickly fill a room.