Japanese cornel (Cornus officinalis) is a deciduous shrub that grows from 4.5 to 8 m tall. It blooms showy yellow flowers in spring followed by edible red fruit in fall that has an astringent flavor. Its colorful foliage transforms from green to yellow to reddish-purple before falling off. Its exfoliating bark also changes from gray to brown.
I. Appearance and Characteristics
Cornus officinalis, the Japanese cornel or Japanese cornelian cherry, is a species of flowering plant in the dogwood family Cornaceae. Despite its name, it is native to China and Korea as well as Japan. It is not to be confused with C. mas, which is also known as the Cornelian cherry. It is not closely related to the true cherries of the genus Prunus.
In Korean it is known as sansuyu (산수유), in Chinese as shān zhū yú (山茱萸) and in Japanese as sanshuyu (さんしゅゆ).
The Latin specific epithet officinalis refers to plants which have some medicinal or culinary use – in this case the edible berries.
It is a large, strongly-growing deciduous shrub with rough flaky bark. Umbels of acid yellow flowers appear in early spring before the oval leaves. The red berries, which are edible, appear later in the summer, and the leaves turn shades of red before falling in the autumn.
The plant is valued in cultivation for providing year-round interest in the garden. It is, however, quite a substantial shrub, typically growing to 8 m (26 ft) tall and broad. The cultivar ‘Kintoki’, with larger and more abundant flowers, has won the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.
II. How to Grow and Care
Japanese cornel is considered an easy-to-care-for plant that adapts well to various environments. Its basic care needs include full sun to partial shade and well-draining soil, but its resistance to pests and diseases distinguishes it as a resilient choice for gardeners. Special attention should be given to watering, as japanese cornel prefers moderate moisture without becoming waterlogged, particularly during dry spells. Pruning is not essential but can help maintain its shape and promote healthy growth.
Sunlight
Japanese cornel prefers full sun and can grow in a slightly shaded environment. It needs 4-6 hours of sunlight per day; if it does not get enough sun, the plant will grow poorly, the branches will become lighter in color, and the number of flowers and fruit will be fewer.
Temperature
Japanese cornel is widely distributed in temperate and subtropical regions and prefers cool, moist environments. It is cold hardy, tolerating temperatures as low as -20 ℃, but fears heat. Japanese cornel is drought-tolerant and requires little water. However, it is necessary to ensure a basic water supply in hot summers.
Watering
Originating from regions with distinct seasons, Japanese cornel is adapted to moderate moisture levels and can withstand brief periods of dryness. This species thrives in environments that mimic its native habitat’s balance between hydration and drainage. For optimal health, Japanese cornel requires watering once every two weeks, ensuring the soil has time to dry slightly between sessions. Typically cultivated outdoors due to its size and growth habits, japanese cornel is an example of a deciduous plant that undergoes seasonal changes in water needs, shedding leaves to conserve moisture during colder months.
Soil
Japanese cornel is very adaptable, but prefers nutrient-rich, well-drained soil. If the soil is poorly drained, improve it by mixing in some sand. It grows best in neutral or slightly acidic soil with a suitable pH of 5.5-6.6.
Fertilizing
For optimal health, Japanese cornel thrives with a balanced fertilizer, rich in equal parts N-P-K, applied biannually—spring and fall. Fertilizing enhances growth, flowering, and fruiting, fortifying japanese cornel’s vigor. Use a light hand: too much can harm. Adjust based on life stage: more during active growth, less as it matures. Alway water Japanese cornel well post-application to aid absorption and prevent root burn. A measured approach ensures the Japanese cornel’s vibrancy throughout the seasons.
Pruning
Japanese cornel does not require much pruning. You need only to cut off dead, injured branches and any parts infected with pests and disease. Prune japanese cornel in late fall and winter. If you prune it in spring or summer, the plant is in its growing season and the wounds will shed a lot of sap; in late fall and winter, japanese cornel enters dormancy and will not do that.
Propagation
Japanese cornel is a deciduous shrub known for its early spring flowers and vibrant red fruit. The most effective propagation method is by sowing seeds, which should be extracted from ripe fruit and sown fresh for better germination. Prior to sowing, stratification, a process of treating the seeds to simulate natural winter conditions, can improve germination rates. Once sown, seeds need consistent moisture and should be planted in a well-drained medium with adequate sunlight.
Transplanting
Transplant japanese cornel in the gentle embrace of late spring or early summer, ensuring its roots settle when temperatures are moderate. Choose a spot bathed in dappled sunlight with well-draining soil, and consider enriching with organic matter to welcome Japanese cornel into its new home.
III. Uses and Benefits
It occurs in China, Japan and Korea where it is used as a food plant and as a medicinal plant.
Cornelian cherry juices are rich in potassium, calcium, sodium, iron, zinc, manganese, and copper. Compared to other juices obtained from plum, pear, and apple, Cornelian cherry juice contained higher levels of dietary minerals.