Wayfaring Tree (Viburnum lantana)

The wayfaring tree can be used as an ornamental plant due to its vibrant berries. While beautiful, the berries are toxic and can lead to vomiting or diarrhea. It is native to Europe, northwest Africa, and southwest Asia.

I. Appearance and Characteristics 

Viburnum lantana, the wayfarer or wayfaring tree, is a species of Viburnum, native to central, southern and western Europe (north to Yorkshire in England), northwest Africa, and southwestern Asia. The vigorous deciduous European treelike shrub is common along waysides.

It is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 4–5 m (13–16 ft) tall. The leaves are opposite, simple oval to lanceolate, 6–13 cm (2.4–5.1 in) Long and 4–9 cm (1.6–3.5 in) broad, with a finely serrated margin; they are densely downy on the underside, less so on the upper surface. The hermaphrodite flowers are small, around 5 mm (0.20 in), and creamy-white, produced in dense cymes 4–10 cm (1.6–3.9 in) width at the top of the stems; they are produced in early summer, and pollinated by insects. The fruit is an oblong drupe 8 mm (0.31 in) long, green at first, turning red, then finally black at full maturity, and contains a single seed. The seeds are dispersed when birds eat the fruit, then deposit the seeds in another location in their droppings.

An older name for the plant is hoarwithy. “Hoar” means grey-haired and refers to the hairs under the leaves, and “withy” means a pliant stem.

The wayfaring tree is poisonous to humans, although the toxicity is very low so the effects are not extremely harmful. If the berries are eaten, they can cause vomiting and diarrhea. Even if eaten in large quantities, or when unripe, the after-effects are low in severity, eliciting only mild gastrointestinal difficulties. Many species in this genus possess hairs on their leaves which can cause dermatitis if direct contact is made with the skin. Although there is no evidence to link this specific species with dermatitis, it would be wise to avoid direct handling.

II. How to Grow and Care

Wayfaring tree is known for its adaptability and ease of care. Key care requirements include full sun to partial shade and well-drained soil. Special attention should be given to pruning after flowering to maintain shape and promote new growth. Watering should be regular, but wayfaring tree can tolerate some drought once established. No notable pests or diseases commonly affect this hardy species, making it a low-maintenance choice for gardeners.

Sunlight

Wayfaring tree in cold environment loves to grow in full sun on slopes and edging rocks in its natural habitat. Varieties adaptable to warmer climates grow well in full sun to medium shade; long exposure to strong light should be avoided. They can be shaded by buildings or big trees. A certain amount of scattered light is needed in the flowering phase to ensure enhanced and continuous flowering in warmer climates, but overall, plants in this genus perform well receiving 5-6 hours of continuous sunlight in a day.

Temperature

The optimum growth temperature range is between 5 to 27 ℃. It has good cold resistance; some native North American species can tolerate temperatures below -25 ℃. Its growth is poor at temperatures above 29 ℃, so it cannot survive in tropical summers. Germination requires 20 consecutive days of seed exposure to 24 ℃.

Wayfaring tree needs occasional watering during hot and dry conditions. The average plant during its first 2 years of growth needs 1.2 to 1.5 cm water bi-weekly. Once established, it doesn’t need much watering.

Watering

Adapted to temperate regions, wayfaring tree thrives with moderate moisture, mirroring its resilience in varying humidity levels. Its water habits are characterized by a preference for well-drained soil conditions and it can withstand short periods of drought. For optimal growth, watering once every 1-2 weeks is recommended. Typically grown outdoors due to its size and ornamental value, wayfaring tree is deciduous, shedding leaves annually which indirectly reduces its water requirements during the dormancy period.

Soil

Wayfaring tree likes fertile, soft, slightly acidic soil with good drainage. It likes moist soil but does not grow well in waterlogged soils. It can grow in moderately fertile, fully drained soils that keep minimum moisture, but cannot withstand poor soil. The optimum soil pH range is 5.5-6.6. It can tolerate acidic media and drought with good air circulation in the root zone, which is made possible by the addition of peat moss or coco coir to the media. The best potting soil would be to mix 1 part of fully decomposed organic matter into 2 parts of garden soil.

Fertilizing

For wayfaring tree, a balance of nutrition is key. Use balanced fertilizers in spring and high nitrogen ones pre-summer to boost growth and fruiting. Fertilize bi-annually, with lower quantities in fall to avoid overfeeding. Benefits include healthier foliage, sturdy structure, and abundant blooms. Avoid excessive application, as this may harm wayfaring tree. Adjust amounts considering soil fertility and seasonality, with lighter doses for young plants. Employ slow-release formulas for sustained benefits, and always water post-application to aid nutrient absorption. These tips promote optimal vitality for wayfaring tree, irrespective of gardening experience level.

Pruning

Light pruning to remove dead or dried branches or injured parts of the plant can be done at any time of the year. Wayfaring tree doesn’t need severe pruning; how much depends on the type of variety and purpose of growing.

Pruning to shape and beautify can be done in the late winter or early spring. When growing for borders and hedges, cut only 1/3 of the branches if they are severely intermingled. In other cases, pruning can be initiated right after flowering but before the setting of fruit. To avoid frost damage, don’t prune during frost or severe cold.

Propagation

Belonging to the Viburnaceae family, the wayfaring tree is a resilient shrub suited to diverse growing conditions. For effective propagation, select healthy semi-hardwood stems for cuttings. Ensure cuttings are taken with several leaf nodes and dip the base in rooting hormone before planting in well-draining soil. Consistent moisture and indirect light aid root development. Once established, young plants should be gradually acclimatized to outdoor conditions before transplanting.

Transplanting

The perfect time for transplanting wayfaring tree is early spring until early summer, providing optimal growing conditions. Choose a location with partial to full sun and well-drained soil. Remember to water regularly and maintain adequate spacing for a successful transplant. 

Repotting

Repot wayfaring tree, a bushy shrub with a robust growth habit, every 2-3 years in early spring to accommodate its development. Choose a container a size larger than its current one to ensure sufficient space for root expansion. Provide a well-draining soil mix and water regularly after repotting for successful establishment but avoid overwatering as wayfaring tree dislikes soggy conditions. This timing and care will support the health and vigor of wayfaring tree.

Pests and Diseases

Generally disease-resistant but can be susceptible to aphids, viburnum beetle, root rot, botrytis, and leaf spot. Apply appropriate treatments as needed.

III. Uses and Benefits 

Wayfaring tree (Viburnum lantana) is an ornamental shrub often found in gardens, frequently used as a hedging plant due to its dense growth. The main visual appeal of this plant is its long-lasting white flowers and red-black berries that ripen in fall. It makes for an appealing feature in wildlife gardens. Good plants to combine with this tree include periwinkle, weigela, and Mugo pine.

Aside from its ornamental value, Viburnum lantana serves as a wonderful shelter for wildlife, assists in erosion control owing to its extensive root system, and can act as a windbreak.