White violet(Viola renifolia) has characteristic kidney-shaped leaves, which give the plant its Latin name (renifolia literally means “having kidney-shaped leaves”). It is often confused with other white violets but is distinguishable by its lack of stringy runners. Due to livestock grazing and trampling, the species is listed as endangered and threatened in some parts of the US.
I. Appearance and Characteristics
Viola renifolia is a species of violet known by the common names white violet and kidneyleaf violet. It is native to northern North America, where it has a widespread distribution across Canada and the northern United States as far south as Washington, Colorado, and New York.
Kidneyleaf violet is a perennial herb growing up to 10 centimeters tall. It does not have stems, rhizomes, or stolons. The kidney-shaped leaf blades are 3 to 6 centimeters long and are borne on petioles up to 15 centimeters long. The flower is 1 to 1.5 centimeters long and white in color with purple lines on the lower three petals. The fruit is a purplish capsule.
This violet grows in white spruce and black spruce forests, and temperate coniferous forests. Near the Great Lakes it grows in swamps and wooded areas.
It is listed as endangered in Connecticut, as threatened in Iowa, as extirpated in Pennsylvania, and as sensitive in Washington.
II. How to Grow and Care
White violet thrive in moist, well-drained soil and require partial to full shade. Special care includes avoiding waterlogged conditions to prevent root rot and providing mulch to keep the roots cool. Regular deadheading encourages more blooms.
Sunlight
White violet’s optimal light conditions include full sun exposure to thrive, necessitating a location where the intensity of light is high and uninterrupted for several hours each day. White violet can tolerate partial sun, which implies that while it can survive in less intense light environments, its growth and health might be impeded. In suboptimal light, white violet may not flower prolifically, and its foliage could become less dense. When situated outdoors, white violet flourishes best in open spaces with clear access to sunlight. It does not typically have unique adaptations regarding light exposure, but ensuring it receives sufficient sunlight is crucial for its vitality.
Temperature
White violet’s optimal light conditions include full sun exposure to thrive, necessitating a location where the intensity of light is high and uninterrupted for several hours each day. White violet can tolerate partial sun, which implies that while it can survive in less intense light environments, its growth and health might be impeded. In suboptimal light, white violet may not flower prolifically, and its foliage could become less dense. When situated outdoors, white violet flourishes best in open spaces with clear access to sunlight. It does not typically have unique adaptations regarding light exposure, but ensuring it receives sufficient sunlight is crucial for its vitality.
Watering
Originating from temperate regions, white violet thrives in moist environments that mimic its natural habitat. This species is known for preferring consistent moisture without being waterlogged, striking a balance between hydration and drainage. For optimal growth, white violet requires watering every week. As an herbaceous perennial commonly grown outdoors, white violet’s ability to adapt to varying rainfall patterns makes it a resilient addition to gardens, particularly in climate zones where seasonal precipitation aligns with its moderate water needs.
Soil
White violet likes moist, well-drained, air-permeable soil. A small amount of substrate, such as perlite, ceramsite, and vermiculite, can be added to the soil when planting.
Fertilizing
For optimal growth, white violet thrives with balanced nutrition fertilizers. Bi-monthly, during growing season, apply a quarter-strength balanced liquid fertilizer; this encourages robust growth and vibrant blooms. Over-fertilization risks root burn and should be avoided. Seasonal adjustments are crucial, with minimal feeding in winter. Use granular or liquid options—observe white violet’s response to adjust frequency. A well-fertilized white violet is more vigorous and disease resistant. Novices should start cautiously, while seasoned gardeners can tailor the regime to white violet’s specific cues.
Planting Instructions
Although it is a perennial plant, white violet is usually replanted every year. Sow it from late fall to early spring of next year, and flowers will come in about two months after sowing. Try to choose a cool environment. Sprinkle seeds directly on the surface of the soil, and cover them with a thin layer of soil.
To sow indoors, wrap the seeds in a wet paper towel. Pack the paper-wrapped seeds into sealed bags or other containers and put them in the refrigerator or refrigerating chamber for 3-4 days to accelerate germination.
After the seedlings germinate, removethe top buds to facilitate the growth of lateral buds. This prevents seedlings from getting floppy and spindly, supports the plant shape, and increases the quantity of flowers. If the seedlings bloom early, early-blooming flowers can be removed so the plants accumulate energy to bloom more.
Propagation
White violet is adeptly propagated through division. This technique involves separating the healthy parts of the mature plant, ensuring each division has a portion of the root system. Gardeners should carefully unearth the parent plant, then gently tease apart the roots to create new segments ready for transplanting. Given its hardy nature, white violet responds well to this method, allowing for successful cultivation and spread in suitable garden settings.
Transplanting
The optimal time to transplant white violet is from the awakening of spring until the cusp of summer, as they favor this period’s moderate temperatures and reliable moisture levels. Choose a spot with partial shade and well-draining soil to ensure white violet’s success. Remember to keep the root ball intact during the move for a seamless transition.
Repotting
Repot white violet every 2-3 years in spring to accommodate growth, using a container slightly larger than its current size to allow for roots to spread. White violet flourishes best in a well-draining pot with ample room for its compact bush shape. Post-repotting, ensure high humidity and moderate sunlight to aid recovery. Steer clear from deep pots to avoid excess soil moisture, which can hinder white violet’s health.
III. Uses and Benefits
Fresh white violet’s flowers can also be picked to decorate dishes, as they are edible.
