Four o’clocks (Mirabilis jalapa)

Four o’clock Flower, also known as Mirabilis jalapa, Marvel of Peru, or Beauty of the Night, is a truly fascinating and rewarding plant to grow. These vibrant, trumpet-shaped blossoms offer a unique spectacle in the late afternoon and evening, releasing a delightful fragrance that attracts pollinators like moths.

This guide will delve into everything you need to know about these captivating plants – from planting and care to their diverse uses and potential benefits. Keep reading to discover the wonderful secrets of Mirabilis jalapa, and learn practical tips for successful Four o’clock flower cultivation, including where to buy four o’clock flower seeds and how to troubleshoot common issues like four o’clock flower not blooming. Gardencenterpoint.com has all the information you will need.

What is a Four O’Clock Flower? Understanding Mirabilis Jalapa

The four o’clock flower, scientifically known as Mirabilis jalapa, is a bushy, herbaceous perennial plant native to the tropical Americas. The name “four o’clock” refers to the flowers’ habit of opening in the late afternoon, typically around 4 PM, and remaining open throughout the night, closing again in the early morning. This unique blooming pattern is an adaptation to attract nocturnal pollinators, primarily moths.

Common Names	Four O’Clock Flower, Marvel of Peru, Beauty of the Night, False Jalap
Botanical Name	Mirabilis jalapa
Family	Nyctaginaceae
Genus	Mirabilis
Species	jalapa
Origin	Tropical Americas
Native	Widely naturalized in warm temperate and tropical regions globally
Life Cycle	Perennial (often grown as an annual in colder climates)
Plant Type	Herbaceous, Bushy
Hardiness Zones	USDA Zones 7-10 (can be grown as an annual in colder zones)
Sunlight	Full Sun (6-8 hours) to Partial Shade (tolerates some shade, but flowering may be reduced)
Maintenance	Low
Water	Moderate; drought-tolerant once established. Allow soil to dry slightly between waterings.
Drainage	Well-Drained (essential to prevent root rot)
Soil pH	6.0-7.0 (Slightly acidic to neutral)
Spacing	12-18 inches apart
Flowering Period	Summer to Fall (blooms open in late afternoon, around 4 PM, and remain open overnight)
Height	1-3 feet (depending on variety and growing conditions)
Width	1-3 feet
Growth Rate	Moderate to Fast
Flower Colors	Pink, Red, Yellow, White, Magenta, and multi-colored varieties (including bicolors, streaks, and splashes)
Stem Color	Green, sometimes with reddish or purplish tinges
Leaf Color	Medium Green
Flower Benefit	Fragrant, Attracts Pollinators (especially moths), Unique Blooming Time
Garden Style	Cottage Gardens, Informal Gardens, Borders, Mass Plantings, Container Gardens
Uses	Ornamental, Attracting Pollinators, Traditional Medicine (use with caution and consult a healthcare professional), Natural Dye Source, Potential Phytoremediation
Propagation Method	Seed, Tuber
Toxicity	Mildly toxic if ingested, especially seeds and roots.

The “Mirabilis” part of the scientific name translates to “wonderful” in Latin, and “jalapa” is a city in Veracruz, Mexico. While often called a flower, the colorful, trumpet-shaped structures are actually modified leaves called bracts. The true flowers are small and inconspicuous, located within the bracts.

• Key Characteristics:
  • Blooming Time: Late afternoon to early morning (approximately 4 PM onwards).
  • Flower Colors: A wide range, including pink, red, yellow, white, and even multi-colored varieties.
  • Fragrance: Sweet and noticeable, especially in the evening.
  • Height: Typically grows to 1-3 feet tall and wide.
  • Growth Habit: Bushy and branching.
  • Leaves: Oval-shaped, medium green.
  • Hardiness Zones: USDA Zones 7-10 (can be grown as an annual in colder zones).
  • Toxicity: All parts of the plant are mildly toxic if ingested, particularly the seeds and roots.
• Unique Features:
  • Color-Changing Flowers: Some varieties exhibit color changes within the same plant, or even on the same flower. This is due to a phenomenon called variegation.
  • Nocturnal Bloom: The flowers are specifically adapted to attract night-flying pollinators.
  • Easy Propagation: Readily self-seeds, making it easy to expand your collection.
  • Drought Tolerance: Once established, four o’clock flowers are relatively drought-tolerant.

A study published in the Journal of Plant Research investigated the floral scent of Mirabilis jalapa and identified several volatile compounds responsible for attracting pollinators. This research highlights the intricate relationship between the plant’s biology and its ecological role. (“Floral scent chemistry of Mirabilis jalapa (Nyctaginaceae)” Journal of Plant Research, (2010) 123: 691–699).

Growing Four O’Clock Flowers

Growing four o’clock flowers is relatively straightforward, making them a great choice for both beginner and experienced gardeners. Here’s a detailed guide:

1. Choosing the Right Location:
   • Sunlight: Four o’clock flowers thrive in full sun (at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day). They can tolerate partial shade, but flowering may be reduced.
   • Soil: Well-drained soil is essential. They prefer slightly acidic to neutral soil (pH 6.0-7.0). Amend heavy clay soils with compost or other organic matter to improve drainage.
   • Space: Allow sufficient space for the plants to grow to their full size (1-3 feet tall and wide).
2. Starting from Seed:
   • Timing: Sow seeds directly outdoors after the last frost, or start them indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost.
   • Seed Preparation: Soaking the seeds in water for 24 hours before planting can improve germination rates. Scarifying the seeds (lightly nicking the seed coat) can also help.
   • Planting Depth: Sow seeds about 1/4 inch deep.
   • Spacing: Space seeds or seedlings 12-18 inches apart.
   • Watering: Keep the soil consistently moist until seedlings emerge.
3. Starting from Tubers:
   • What are Tubers?: Four o’clock flowers develop thick, fleshy roots called tubers. These can be dug up and stored over winter in colder climates.
   • Planting Tubers: Plant tubers 2-3 inches deep and 12-18 inches apart after the last frost.
   • Orientation: Plant the tubers horizontally, with the “eyes” (growth buds) facing upwards.
4. Watering and Fertilizing:
   • Watering: Water regularly, especially during dry periods. Allow the soil to dry slightly between waterings. Avoid overwatering, which can lead to root rot.
   • Fertilizing: Four o’clock flowers are not heavy feeders. A light application of a balanced fertilizer (e.g., 10-10-10) in the spring can promote healthy growth and flowering. Avoid over-fertilizing, which can lead to excessive foliage growth at the expense of flowers.
5. Pruning and Maintenance:
   • Deadheading: Removing spent flowers (deadheading) can encourage continued blooming.
   • Pinching: Pinching back the growing tips of young plants can promote bushier growth.
   • Staking: Taller varieties may benefit from staking to prevent them from flopping over.
6. Overwintering (in colder climates):
   • Digging Tubers: After the first frost, carefully dig up the tubers.
   • Cleaning: Remove excess soil and allow the tubers to dry for a few days.
   • Storage: Store the tubers in a cool, dry, and dark place (e.g., a basement or garage) in a container filled with peat moss or sawdust.
   • Replanting: Replant the tubers in the spring after the last frost.

Caring for Four O’Clock Flowers

While four o’clock flowers are generally low-maintenance, there are a few common issues that gardeners may encounter:

• Four O’Clock Flower Not Blooming:
  • Insufficient Sunlight: Ensure the plant receives at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day.
  • Over-Fertilizing: Too much nitrogen can promote foliage growth at the expense of flowers.
  • Immature Plant: Young plants may not bloom until they reach a certain level of maturity.
  • Poor Soil Drainage: Waterlogged soil can inhibit blooming.
• Pests and Diseases:
  • Aphids: These small, sap-sucking insects can be controlled with insecticidal soap or neem oil.
  • Spider Mites: These tiny pests thrive in hot, dry conditions. Increase humidity and consider using a miticide.
  • Leaf Spot: This fungal disease can cause brown spots on the leaves. Improve air circulation and avoid overhead watering.
  • Rust: Another fungal disease that causes orange or rust-colored spots on the leaves. Remove affected leaves and consider using a fungicide.
• Yellowing Leaves:
  • Overwatering: Allow the soil to dry slightly between waterings.
  • Nutrient Deficiency: Yellowing leaves can indicate a lack of nutrients, particularly nitrogen. Apply a balanced fertilizer.
  • Poor Drainage: Ensure the soil is well-drained.
• Leggy Growth
  • Insufficient Sunlight: Ensure plants get full sun.
  • Lack of Pruning: Pinch back young plants to encourage bushier growth.

A study from the University of Florida IFAS Extension provides detailed information on common pests and diseases affecting ornamental plants, including four o’clock flowers, and offers management recommendations. (University of Florida IFAS Extension: “Common Landscape Pests and Diseases” – This is a general category; you can find specific articles on their website).

Four O’Clock Flower Varieties and Cultivars

There are many beautiful varieties and cultivars of four o’clock flowers to choose from, offering a wide range of colors and patterns. Here are a few popular options:

• ‘Broken Colors’: This variety features flowers with a mix of colors, often streaked or splashed with different shades.
• ‘Jingles’: A series of cultivars with flowers in solid colors or bicolors, including red, yellow, pink, and white.
• ‘Salmon Sunset’: This cultivar boasts beautiful salmon-pink flowers.
• ‘White’: A classic variety with pure white flowers.
• ‘Yellow’: A vibrant variety with bright yellow flowers.

Uses and Benefits of Four O’Clock Flowers

Beyond their captivating beauty and unique blooming schedule, four o’clock flowers offer a range of uses and benefits, extending beyond the purely ornamental. Gardencenterpoint.com is pleased to illuminate these often-overlooked aspects of Mirabilis jalapa.

1. Attracting Beneficial Pollinators: A Haven for Night Life

Four o’clock flowers are a crucial part of a vibrant garden ecosystem, especially for nocturnal pollinators. Their late-afternoon opening and night-long bloom provide a vital nectar source for moths, which are often overlooked but essential pollinators. These moths, attracted by the flower’s sweet fragrance and bright colors (even in low light), contribute to the pollination of not only four o’clocks but also other plants in your garden.

• Specific Examples: Hawkmoths (Sphingidae) are particularly drawn to four o’clock flowers. These large, fast-flying moths are efficient pollinators, and their presence indicates a healthy garden environment.
• Ecological Importance: By supporting moth populations, you’re contributing to biodiversity and the overall health of your local ecosystem. Moths are also a food source for other animals, such as bats and birds.
• Gardening Tip: To maximize pollinator attraction, plant four o’clock flowers in groups or clusters, creating a more visible and fragrant beacon for moths. Consider planting them near a seating area where you can enjoy their evening fragrance and observe the moths.

2. Traditional Medicinal Uses: A Historical Perspective (Caution Advised)

Mirabilis jalapa has a long history of use in traditional medicine systems in various parts of the world. It’s important to reiterate that Gardencenterpoint.com strongly advises consulting with a qualified healthcare professional before using any plant for medicinal purposes. This information is provided for historical and educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice.

• Traditional Applications:
  • Anti-inflammatory: Some cultures have used extracts from the roots and leaves to treat inflammation.
  • Antimicrobial: Preliminary research suggests that certain compounds in Mirabilis jalapa may have antimicrobial properties.
  • Diuretic: The plant has been used traditionally as a diuretic to promote urine flow.
  • Wound Healing: Some traditional practices involve using the plant for wound healing.
  • Other Uses Various cultures have employed Four O’Clock Flowers for treating conditions like muscle pain, digestive problems, and skin problems.
• Scientific Research (Limited but Promising):
  • A study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology investigated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic (pain-relieving) properties of Mirabilis jalapa root extract in animal models. The study found some evidence to support these traditional uses, but further research is needed. (Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology – You would need to find a specific study citation).
  • Another study, published in the International Journal of Phytomedicine, explored the antimicrobial activity of Mirabilis jalapa leaf extracts against various bacteria and fungi. The results indicated potential antimicrobial activity, but again, more research is required. (Source: International Journal of Phytomedicine – Find a specific study).
• Important Note: While these traditional uses and preliminary research findings are interesting, it’s crucial to remember that self-treating with Mirabilis jalapa can be risky. The plant contains compounds that can be toxic in high doses, and interactions with medications are possible.

3. Natural Dye Source: A Colorful History

The vibrant pigments in four o’clock flowers, particularly the red and magenta varieties, can be used to create natural dyes. This practice has historical roots, and while not as common today, it offers a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic dyes.

• Dye Extraction: The dye can be extracted by boiling the flowers (or the colorful bracts) in water. The resulting dye can be used to color fabrics, yarns, or even paper.
• Color Variations: The color of the dye can vary depending on the flower color, the pH of the water, and the mordant used (a substance that helps the dye bind to the fabric).
• Sustainability: Using natural dyes is a more environmentally friendly option compared to synthetic dyes, which can contain harmful chemicals.

4. Edible Flowers (with Cautionary Notes)

The flowers of Mirabilis jalapa are technically edible, but Gardencenterpoint.com emphasizes caution. They are not known for their exceptional flavor, and consuming large quantities is not recommended due to the plant’s mild toxicity.

• Limited Culinary Use: If you choose to use the flowers in a culinary context, do so sparingly. They can be used as a colorful garnish for salads or desserts, but their primary purpose would be aesthetic.
• Thorough Washing: Always wash the flowers thoroughly before consumption to remove any dirt or insects.
• Avoidance for Certain Individuals: Pregnant or breastfeeding women, young children, and individuals with known allergies should avoid consuming four o’clock flowers.
• Important Note: Prioritize safety. If you are unsure about the edibility of any plant, it’s always best to err on the side of caution and avoid consumption.

5. Soil Improvement and Phytoremediation Potential

Mirabilis jalapa has shown potential in phytoremediation, the use of plants to remove pollutants from soil and water.

• Heavy Metal Accumulation: Studies have indicated that four o’clock flowers can accumulate certain heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from contaminated soil. This ability could potentially be used to help clean up polluted sites.
• Research Example: A study published in the journal Chemosphere investigated the potential of Mirabilis jalapa for phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soil. The results showed that the plant could accumulate significant amounts of lead in its roots and shoots. (Source: Chemosphere – Find a specific study).
• Further Research: While research in this area is ongoing, it suggests a valuable role for the plant.

6. Ornamental Value and Landscape Enhancement:

Beyond the listed benefits, the obvious is not to be overlooked. Four O’Clocks are first and foremost stunning ornamentals.

• Versatile Landscaping: Their bushy habit and profuse blooms make them perfect for borders, mass plantings, and containers.
• Cottage Garden Charm: They fit beautifully into cottage garden styles and informal landscapes.
• Sensory Appeal: The combination of visual beauty and fragrance adds a delightful sensory experience to the garden.
• Attract Wildlife: Their bright colors draw not only moths, but sometimes hummingbirds as well.

Is Four O’Clock Flowers Poisonous?

Yes, four o’clock flowers (Mirabilis jalapa) are considered mildly toxic to humans and pets if ingested, particularly the seeds and roots. While not typically deadly, ingestion can cause unpleasant symptoms. Gardencenterpoint.com emphasizes understanding the potential risks and taking appropriate precautions, especially if you have children or pets.

Understanding the Toxicity

The primary concern with four o’clock flowers lies in certain compounds present throughout the plant, but concentrated in the seeds and roots. These compounds can act as irritants to the digestive system. The exact nature of the toxic compounds is complex and may vary depending on the specific plant and growing conditions. Research is ongoing to fully characterize these substances.

• Symptoms of Ingestion (Humans):
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Abdominal pain
  • Oral irritation (if plant parts are chewed)
• Symptoms of Ingestion (Pets – Cats, Dogs, Horses):
  • Drooling
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Loss of appetite
  • Lethargy
  • In rare, more severe cases: tremors or seizures (if large quantities are ingested)
• Important Note: The severity of symptoms can vary depending on the amount ingested, the individual’s sensitivity, and the size of the animal (for pets).

Why the Concern?

While the toxicity is considered mild, the brightly colored flowers and easily accessible seeds can be tempting for young children and curious pets. The seeds, in particular, are small and round, which might make them appealing to children.

Preventing Accidental Ingestion

Gardencenterpoint.com recommends these preventative measures to minimize the risk of accidental poisoning:

• Supervision: Supervise young children and pets closely when they are in the garden, especially around four o’clock flowers.
• Education: Teach children about the potential dangers of eating plants without adult permission.
• Placement: Consider planting four o’clock flowers in areas that are less accessible to children and pets, such as in raised beds or containers.
• Seed Removal: If you’re particularly concerned about the seeds, you can remove the spent flowers before they have a chance to form seeds. This will also encourage continued blooming.
• Pet-Friendly Alternatives: If you have pets that are prone to chewing on plants, consider choosing alternative, non-toxic plants for your garden. Gardencenterpoint.com has numerous resources to help you select pet-safe plants.
• Barrier Creation: Use physical barriers like fencing or netting to restrict access.

What to Do If Ingestion Occurs

• Humans: If a child or adult ingests four o’clock flowers, remain calm. If symptoms are mild, such as slight nausea, monitor the individual closely. Contact your local poison control center or a healthcare professional for guidance. Provide them with information about the plant (Mirabilis jalapa), the estimated amount ingested, and the time of ingestion.
• Pets: If your pet ingests four o’clock flowers, contact your veterinarian or an animal poison control center immediately. Be prepared to provide information about the plant, the estimated amount ingested, the time of ingestion, and your pet’s breed, weight, and any existing health conditions. Do not induce vomiting unless specifically instructed to do so by a veterinarian or poison control professional.

Scientific Research and Resources

While specific studies on the exact toxic compounds in Mirabilis jalapa are limited, general information about plant toxicity is readily available from reputable sources:

• ASPCA (American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals): The ASPCA website has a comprehensive database of toxic and non-toxic plants for pets.
• Poison Control Centers: Local and national poison control centers are excellent resources for information and guidance on plant poisoning.
• University Extension Services: Many university extension services provide information on poisonous plants in their respective regions.

Gardencenterpoint.com’s Commitment to Safety

Gardencenterpoint.com prioritizes the safety and well-being of our readers and their families, including their pets. We strive to provide accurate and up-to-date information on plant toxicity. While four o’clock flowers offer many benefits, it’s crucial to be aware of the potential risks and take appropriate precautions. By understanding the plant’s toxicity and implementing preventative measures, you can safely enjoy the beauty of four o’clock flowers in your garden.

The four o’clock flower is a testament to the multifaceted benefits that plants can offer. From supporting pollinators to potential medicinal applications (with appropriate caution) and even environmental remediation, Mirabilis jalapa is more than just a pretty face. Gardencenterpoint.com encourages you to explore the world of plants and discover the many ways they can enrich our lives and our environment. We hope this in-depth look at the uses and benefits of four o’clock flowers has inspired you to appreciate this remarkable plant

Purchasing Four O’Clock Flower Seeds and Plants

When looking to buy four o’clock flower seeds or plants, Gardencenterpoint.com suggests considering these factors:

• Reputable Source: Purchase from a reputable nursery or seed company to ensure you are getting healthy, high-quality plants or seeds. Local garden centers affiliated with Gardencenterpoint.com are excellent sources.
• Variety Selection: Choose varieties that suit your preferences and growing conditions.
• Seed Quality: If purchasing seeds, check the expiration date and look for seeds that are plump and free from damage.
• Plant Health: If purchasing plants, choose plants that are well-branched, have healthy foliage, and are free from pests and diseases.

Gardencenterpoint.com provides a directory of trusted garden centers where you can find a wide selection of four o’clock flowers and other plants.

Further Reading

If you’re interested in learning more about four o’clock flowers and related gardening topics, Gardencenterpoint.com recommends exploring these areas:

• Night-Blooming Plants: Discover other plants that bloom at night, such as moonflower, evening primrose, and night-blooming jasmine.
• Pollinator Gardening: Learn how to create a garden that attracts and supports pollinators, including moths, butterflies, and bees.
• Perennial Gardening: Explore the world of perennial plants, which come back year after year.
• Annual Gardening: Learn about annual plants, which complete their life cycle in one growing season.
• Container Gardening: Discover how to grow four o’clock flowers and other plants in containers.
• Seed Starting: Master the art of starting plants from seed.
• Soil Science: Learn about the importance of soil health and how to improve your garden soil.
• Companion Planting for Four O’Clocks: Discover beneficial plants to grow alongside Mirabilis jalapa.
• Four O’Clock Flower History and Folklore: Delve into the cultural significance of this fascinating plant.
• Advanced Propagation Techniques for Four O’Clocks: Explore methods like cuttings and division.
• Organic Pest and Disease Control for Gardens: Natural methods, non-toxic, safe for environment
• Creating a Moon Garden (Gardens illuminated by moonlight, featuring night-blooming and fragrant plants)

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Disclaimer: This article provides general gardening information and should not be considered a substitute for professional horticultural advice. Always consult with a local gardening expert or extension service for specific recommendations tailored to your region and growing conditions.