Abiu Tree (Pouteria caimito)

Abiu Tree, also commonly known as Pouteria caimito, and by other names like yellow star apple or temare, is a tropical fruit tree native to the Amazon region of South America. This remarkable tree produces a sweet, creamy fruit with a unique flavor often compared to caramel flan or crème brûlée. At Gardencenterpoint.com, we believe in sharing the joy of discovering and growing unique plants, and the Abiu is a prime example.

This guide provides a complete overview of the Abiu cultivation, from understanding its needs to enjoying the delicious fruit. Keep reading to unlock the secrets of this amazing tree, including nutritional values and even some culinary tips.

Origin, Distribution of Abiu Tree

The Abiu tree, scientifically known as Pouteria caimito, is a member of the Sapotaceae family, which also includes other well-known fruits like sapodilla and mamey sapote. It is a fast-growing, evergreen tree that thrives in warm, humid climates. Its popularity is steadily increasing globally due to its delightful fruit and relatively easy cultivation.

Common name	Abiu, Yellow Star Apple, Temare
Botanical name	Pouteria caimito
Family	Sapotaceae
Genus	Pouteria
Species	caimito
Origin	Amazon Basin (South America)
Native	Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador
Life cycle	Perennial
Plant type	Tree (Evergreen)
Hardiness zone	10-12 (USDA)
Sunlight	Full Sun (6-8 hours minimum)
Maintenance	Moderate
Water	Moderate to High (Regular watering, especially during flowering and fruiting)
Drainage	Well-Drained (Essential to prevent root rot)
Spacing	20-30 feet (6-9 meters) apart
Flowering period	Varies depending on climate, but often multiple flowering periods per year
Height	10-35 feet (3-11 meters) in cultivation, up to 50 feet (15 meters) or more in the wild
Growth rate	Fast to Moderate
Flower color	White or Greenish-White
Stem color	Brown (Mature bark), Green (Young stems)
Fruit color	Bright Yellow (when ripe)
Leaf color	Green
Flower benefit	Attracts pollinators (bees, etc.)
Fruit benefit	Edible, sweet, nutritious
Garden style	Tropical, Subtropical, Edible Landscape
Uses	Fruit Production, Ornamental, Shade Tree
Soil pH	Slightly Acidic to Neutral (5.5-7.5)
Propagation	Seed, Grafting, Air Layering
Time to Fruit	2-3 years (grafted), 4-5+ years (seedling)

Origin and Distribution:

The Abiu’s origins trace back to the Amazon rainforest, specifically regions in Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador. Indigenous communities have long valued the fruit for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Over time, its cultivation has spread to other tropical and subtropical regions, including:

• Southeast Asia: Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand
• Central America: Costa Rica, Panama
• Caribbean: Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago
• Australia: Northern Queensland
• United States: South Florida, Hawaii

A study by the University of Florida’s IFAS Extension highlights the successful adaptation of Abiu to the South Florida climate, demonstrating its potential for cultivation outside its native region. (Source: University of Florida IFAS Extension)

Botanical Description:

Feature	Description
Tree Size & Shape	Typically reaches heights of 10-35 feet (3-11 meters) in cultivation, but can grow up to 50 feet (15 meters) or more in the wild. It has a dense, pyramidal or rounded canopy.
Leaves	Oblong to elliptic, 4-8 inches (10-20 cm) long and 1-2 inches (2.5-5 cm) wide. They are leathery, glossy green on the upper surface, and lighter green or slightly pubescent (hairy) underneath.
Flowers	Small, white or greenish-white, and clustered in the leaf axils. They are hermaphroditic, meaning they have both male and female reproductive parts.
Fruit	Round to oval, 2-4 inches (5-10 cm) in diameter. The skin is smooth, turning from green to bright yellow when ripe. The flesh is white, translucent, and gelatinous, with a sweet, caramel-like flavor.
Seeds	Usually 1-4 seeds per fruit. They are large, brown, and oblong.
Latex	The tree produces a milky latex that can be sticky. Avoid contact with eyes, this is present when the tree and fruits are not ripe.

The distinctive yellow color of the ripe fruit makes it easily recognizable and attractive. The flesh’s texture is often described as smooth and jelly-like, making it a refreshing treat, especially when chilled.

Why Grow an Abiu Tree? Benefits and Uses

Beyond its delicious fruit, the Abiu tree offers several compelling reasons for cultivation:

• Nutritional Powerhouse: The Abiu fruit is a good source of vitamins and minerals.
• Unique Flavor: The caramel-like taste is a delightful alternative to common fruits.
• Ornamental Value: The tree’s glossy foliage and bright yellow fruit add aesthetic appeal to gardens.
• Fast Growth: Abiu trees are known for their relatively rapid growth, offering quicker gratification than many other fruit trees.
• Medicinal Properties: Research is being performed on multiple parts of the tree, including leaves and fruits.

Nutritional Information (per 100g of Abiu Fruit):

Nutrient	Amount	% Daily Value (DV)
Calories	~60-80
Carbohydrates	15-20g
Fiber	2-3g	8-12%
Sugars	10-15g
Protein	1-2g
Fat	0.1-0.5g
Vitamin C	20-30mg	33-50%
Vitamin A	50-100 IU	1-2%
Calcium	20-30mg	2-3%
Phosphorus	20-30mg	2-3%
Potassium	150-250mg	4-7%

(Source: Based on data from various sources, including the USDA FoodData Central and nutritional analyses from tropical fruit databases. Values may vary depending on the specific variety and growing conditions.)

The high Vitamin C content makes Abiu a valuable addition to a healthy diet, contributing to immune system support and antioxidant activity. The fiber content aids in digestion, and the presence of potassium is beneficial for maintaining healthy blood pressure.

Culinary Uses:

• Fresh Consumption: The most popular way to enjoy Abiu is to eat it fresh, chilled. Simply cut the fruit in half and scoop out the flesh with a spoon.
• Smoothies and Juices: The creamy texture blends well into smoothies and juices, adding a unique sweetness.
• Desserts: Abiu can be incorporated into ice creams, sorbets, yogurts, and puddings.
• Jams and Preserves: The fruit can be used to make delicious jams and preserves.
• Salads: Chunks of Abiu can add a sweet and refreshing element to fruit salads.

Medicinal Uses (Traditional and Emerging):

In traditional Amazonian medicine, various parts of the Abiu tree have been used for:

• Treating coughs and colds: The fruit is believed to have expectorant properties.
• Reducing inflammation: Leaf extracts are sometimes used topically.
• Wound healing: The latex has been used traditionally to promote wound healing, although caution is advised due to its stickiness.

While these traditional uses are interesting, it’s crucial to note that more scientific research is needed to fully validate these claims. Always consult with a healthcare professional before using any plant for medicinal purposes.

Abiu Tree Cultivation: A Step-by-Step Guide

Growing an Abiu tree can be a rewarding experience, especially in suitable climates. Here’s a detailed guide to help you succeed:

Climate and Location

• Ideal Climate: Tropical or subtropical, with warm temperatures year-round. Abiu trees are sensitive to frost and prolonged cold. The ideal temperature range is 70-90°F (21-32°C).
• Sunlight: Full sun is essential for optimal growth and fruit production. Aim for at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day.
• Rainfall: Abiu trees thrive in areas with high rainfall (50-100 inches or 1270-2540 mm annually) and high humidity. However, they can tolerate short dry periods once established.
• Soil: Well-draining soil is crucial. Abiu trees can adapt to various soil types, including sandy, loamy, and clay soils, but they prefer a slightly acidic to neutral pH (5.5-7.5). Avoid waterlogged conditions, which can lead to root rot.

Propagation

• Seeds: Abiu trees are commonly propagated from seeds. Fresh seeds have the highest germination rate. Sow seeds in a well-draining potting mix, about 1 inch (2.5 cm) deep. Germination typically occurs within 2-4 weeks.
• Grafting: Grafting is a preferred method for propagating superior varieties. It ensures that the new tree will have the same characteristics as the parent tree. Common grafting techniques include cleft grafting and approach grafting. Grafted trees usually bear fruit earlier than seedling trees (2-3 years vs. 4-5 years).
• Air Layering: Air layering is another viable propagation method, although it’s less common than grafting.

Planting

• Timing: The best time to plant an Abiu tree is during the warm season, typically in spring or early summer.
• Spacing: Provide ample space for the tree to grow. Space trees at least 20-30 feet (6-9 meters) apart.
• Planting Hole: Dig a hole that is twice as wide and as deep as the root ball.
• Soil Amendment: Amend the soil with compost or well-rotted manure to improve drainage and fertility.
• Planting Process: Carefully remove the tree from its container, gently loosen the roots, and place it in the hole. Backfill with the amended soil, ensuring that the top of the root ball is level with the surrounding ground. Water thoroughly after planting.

Watering

• Young Trees: Water young trees regularly, especially during dry periods. Keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged.
• Established Trees: Once established, Abiu trees are relatively drought-tolerant. However, regular watering during flowering and fruiting will improve fruit quality and yield.
• Watering Techniques: Deep watering is preferable to frequent shallow watering. This encourages deep root growth, making the tree more resilient.

5. Fertilizing:

• Young Trees: Fertilize young trees every 2-3 months with a balanced fertilizer (e.g., 10-10-10 or 8-3-9).
• Mature Trees: Reduce fertilization to 3-4 times per year. Use a fertilizer formulated for fruit trees, with a higher ratio of potassium (K) to promote flowering and fruiting.
• Micronutrients: Abiu trees may benefit from supplemental micronutrients, such as iron, zinc, and manganese. Apply these as needed, based on soil testing or visual symptoms of deficiency.
• Organic Matter: Adding compost and organic matter improves the overall health of the tree.

Pruning

• Training Young Trees: Prune young trees to establish a strong framework. Remove any weak or crossing branches. Select 3-4 main scaffold branches that are evenly spaced around the trunk.
• Maintenance Pruning: Prune mature trees annually to remove dead, damaged, or diseased wood. Thin out the canopy to improve air circulation and light penetration.
• Timing: Prune after the harvest is complete.

Pest and Disease

Abiu trees are generally resistant to serious pests and diseases. However, they can be susceptible to some issues, particularly in humid environments:

• Fruit Flies: Fruit flies can be a major pest, laying eggs in the ripening fruit. Control measures include using fruit fly traps, bagging the fruit, and maintaining good orchard sanitation.
• Scale Insects: Scale insects can infest the leaves and stems. Control them with horticultural oil or insecticidal soap.
• Mealybugs: Mealybugs are another common pest. Control them with the same methods as scale insects.
• Root Rot: Root rot can occur in poorly drained soils. Prevention is the best approach: ensure good drainage and avoid overwatering.
• Anthracnose: This fungal disease can affect leaves, flowers, and fruits.

Harvesting

• Maturity Indicators: Abiu fruit typically matures 4-6 months after flowering. The fruit turns from green to bright yellow when ripe. It should be slightly soft to the touch.
• Harvesting Technique: Carefully harvest the fruit by hand, using clippers or by gently twisting it from the stem. Avoid pulling, which can damage the fruit.
• Post-Harvest Handling: Abiu fruit is delicate and should be handled with care. It has a relatively short shelf life (3-5 days at room temperature, up to a week if refrigerated).

Abiu Varieties

While there are many local varieties of Abiu in its native regions, a few selections have become more widely available:

• ‘Z-2’: A popular variety in Florida, known for its large, round fruit and excellent flavor.
• ‘Gray’: Another Florida selection, with slightly smaller fruit but good productivity.
• ‘E-4’: A variety grown in Australia, known for its early fruiting.

When choosing a variety, consider your local climate, the availability of grafted trees, and your personal preferences for fruit size and flavor.

Where to Buy Abiu Trees and Fruit

• Specialty Nurseries: The best place to find Abiu trees is at nurseries that specialize in tropical fruit trees. Gardencenterpoint.com can help you locate such nurseries in your area or online.
• Online Retailers: Several online retailers sell Abiu trees and seeds. Be sure to choose a reputable supplier.
• Farmers Markets: If you live in a region where Abiu is grown, you may be able to find fresh fruit at local farmers markets.
• Ethnic Grocery Stores: Some ethnic grocery stores, particularly those specializing in Latin American or Southeast Asian products, may carry Abiu fruit when it’s in season.

Gardencenterpoint.com acts as a valuable resource, connecting you with reputable sellers and providing information on the best sources for Abiu trees and fruit.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: How long does it take for an Abiu tree to bear fruit?

A: Grafted trees typically bear fruit within 2-3 years, while seedling trees may take 4-5 years or longer.

Q: Can I grow an Abiu tree in a container?

A: Yes, Abiu trees can be grown in containers, especially in areas with colder climates where they need to be brought indoors during winter. Choose a large container (at least 20 gallons) with good drainage.

Q: What is the best way to eat an Abiu?

A: The simplest and most popular way is to chill the fruit, cut it in half, and scoop out the flesh with a spoon.

Q: Is Abiu fruit good for you?

A: Yes, Abiu fruit is a good source of Vitamin C, fiber, and other essential nutrients.

Q: Can I grow Abiu from seed? A: Yes, you can. Use a seed from a ripe fruit.

Find Where to Buy the Best Abiu Tree (Pouteria caimito)