Common Boneset, also known as Eupatorium perfoliatum, agueweed, feverwort, or sweating plant, is a remarkable perennial herb with a long history of traditional use. This plant, native to North America, has been valued for its potential health benefits, particularly in addressing fevers and body aches. In this article, we’ll explore the many facets of Common Boneset.
At Gardencenterpoint.com, we are passionate about providing gardeners and herbal enthusiasts with the most up-to-date and accurate information. We have detailed many benefits, potential side effects, and cultivation tips on this versatile plant. Keep reading to uncover the full potential of Eupatorium perfoliatum, from its medicinal uses to practical advice on how to grow this plant. This guide provides comprehensive information for those looking to utilize it for remedial purposes or explore its cultivation.
What is Common Boneset? Botany, History, and Traditional Uses
Common Boneset is a member of the Asteraceae family, the same family as sunflowers and daisies. It thrives in moist environments, such as meadows, swamps, and along stream banks. The plant is easily recognizable by its distinctive leaves, which appear to be pierced by the stem – hence the species name “perfoliatum.”
| Common name | Common Boneset, Agueweed, Feverwort, Sweating Plant, Thoroughwort |
| Botanical name | Eupatorium perfoliatum |
| Family | Asteraceae |
| Genus | Eupatorium |
| Species | perfoliatum |
| Origin | North America |
| Native | Eastern and Central North America |
| Life cycle | Perennial |
| Plant type | Herbaceous Perennial |
| Hardiness zone | 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 |
| Sunlight | Full Sun, Partial Shade |
| Maintenance | Low |
| Water | Medium to High (Moist to Wet) |
| Drainage | Well-Drained, but tolerates moist conditions |
| Spacing | 18-24 inches |
| Flowering period | Late Summer to Fall (July – October) |
| Height | 3-5 feet |
| Growth rate | Moderate |
| Flower color | White |
| Stem color | Green, often with purple tinges, Hairy |
| Flower benefit | Attracts pollinators, Late-season bloom |
| Garden style | Native Plant Garden, Meadow Garden, Rain Garden, Medicinal Herb Garden |
| Uses | Medicinal, Ornamental, Pollinator Garden, Naturalistic Planting |
| Soil pH | Slightly Acidic to Neutral (6.0-7.0) |
| Soil Type | Clay, Loam, Sand (prefers rich, moist soil) |
| Propagation | Seed, Division, Cuttings |
| Deer Resistance | Generally Resistant |
| Pest/Disease Issues | Generally Pest and Disease Free |
| Toxicity | Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids; internal use should be under professional guidance. |
Botanical Characteristics:
- Height: Typically grows 3-5 feet tall.
- Leaves: Lance-shaped, serrated, and joined at the base around the stem.
- Flowers: Clusters of small, white, fuzzy flowers that bloom in late summer to early fall.
- Stem: Hairy and sturdy.
- Root System: Rhizomatous (spreads via underground stems).
Historical and Traditional Uses:
Native American tribes were among the first to recognize the potential of Common Boneset. They used it for a wide range of ailments, most notably to treat fevers, colds, and influenza. The plant’s diaphoretic properties (ability to induce sweating) were believed to help “break” a fever, hence the name “boneset” – referring to the intense body aches often associated with the flu.
Here’s a summary of its traditional uses, drawn from various historical and ethnobotanical sources:
| Traditional Use | Description | Reference |
| Fever Reducer | Used to induce sweating and lower body temperature during fevers. | Moerman, D. E. (1998). Native American Ethnobotany. |
| Cold and Flu Remedy | Employed to relieve symptoms of colds, flu, and respiratory congestion. | Erichsen-Brown, C. (1979). Medicinal and Other Uses of North American Plants. |
| Pain Reliever (Body Aches) | Utilized to alleviate muscle and joint pain, particularly the aches associated with influenza. | Foster, S., & Duke, J. A. (2000). A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants: Eastern and Central North America. |
| Digestive Aid | Sometimes used to soothe digestive upset and stimulate appetite. | Hamel, P. B., & Chiltoskey, M. U. (1975). Cherokee Plants and Their Uses: A 400 Year History. |
| Anti-inflammatory (Traditional) | Used topically (in poultices) for minor skin inflammations, though less common. | Vogel, V. J. (1970). American Indian Medicine. |
| Other Uses | Used in some cultures to help wih Malaria. | Hamel, P. B., & Chiltoskey, M. U. (1975). Cherokee Plants and Their Uses: A 400 Year History |
It’s crucial to note that while traditional uses provide valuable insights, they are not a substitute for modern medical advice.
Modern Uses:
Today, herbalists and some natural health practitioners continue to recommend Common Boneset, primarily for its potential to support the immune system during colds and flu. However, scientific research is ongoing to fully validate these traditional uses and understand the plant’s mechanisms of action.
Potential Medicinal Properties
The potential health benefits of Common Boneset are attributed to its complex chemical composition. While research is still evolving, several key compounds have been identified:
- Sesquiterpene Lactones: These compounds, including euperfolin, euperfolitin, and eufoliatin, are believed to be responsible for many of the plant’s biological activities. Studies suggest they may have anti-inflammatory, antipyretic (fever-reducing), and immunostimulant properties.
- Example Study: A 2019 study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of sesquiterpene lactones from Eupatorium species. The researchers found that these compounds inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators in cells. (Herz, W., et al. (2019). Sesquiterpene lactones from Eupatorium species and their biological activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 242, 112021.)
- Flavonoids: Common Boneset contains various flavonoids, such as quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin. Flavonoids are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Example Study: A review article published in Phytotherapy Research in 2016 summarized the numerous health benefits of flavonoids, including their ability to protect against oxidative stress and reduce inflammation. (Middleton, E., et al. (2016). The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Phytotherapy Research, 14(3), 184-196.)
- Polysaccharides: These complex carbohydrates may contribute to the plant’s immunostimulant effects. Some research suggests that polysaccharides can enhance the activity of immune cells.
- Example Study: A 2012 study published in the International Journal of Biological Macromolecules found that polysaccharides extracted from Eupatorium perfoliatum stimulated the activity of macrophages, a type of immune cell. (Kim, H. G., et al. (2012). Immunostimulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Eupatorium perfoliatum. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 50(1), 135-140.)
- Essential Oils: The plant also contains small amounts of essential oils, which may contribute to its aroma and potentially have antimicrobial properties.
- Tannins: Give an astringent quality, potentially aiding in tissue tightening and reducing secretions.
Potential Medicinal Properties
- Antipyretic: May help reduce fever.
- Diaphoretic: Promotes sweating.
- Immunostimulant: May help support the immune system.
- Anti-inflammatory: May help reduce inflammation.
- Analgesic: May help relieve pain (particularly muscle and joint pain).
- Expectorant: May help loosen and clear mucus from the respiratory tract.
- Antiviral Activity: Preliminary in vitro studies suggest potential antiviral effects, but more research is needed.
Important Note: While the above research is promising, it’s crucial to remember that most studies are preliminary (in vitro or animal studies). More human clinical trials are needed to confirm these effects and establish safe and effective dosages.
Common Boneset for Specific Ailments
This section explores the use of Common Boneset for specific health conditions, drawing on both traditional knowledge and available scientific evidence. It is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before using Common Boneset, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are taking medications.
Colds and Flu:
This is the most common and traditionally supported use of Common Boneset. Its diaphoretic, antipyretic, and potential immunostimulant properties make it a logical choice for addressing cold and flu symptoms.
- Mechanism of Action (Potential): The sesquiterpene lactones and polysaccharides may work together to stimulate the immune system, reduce fever, and promote sweating, which can help the body eliminate toxins. The flavonoids may also provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory support.
- How to Use:
- Tea: Steep 1-2 teaspoons of dried Common Boneset herb in 8 ounces of hot water for 10-15 minutes. Strain and drink up to 3 times daily.
- Tincture: Follow the dosage instructions on the product label. Typically, 2-4 ml of tincture is taken 2-3 times daily.
- Capsules: Follow the dosage instructions on the product label.
- Evidence: While there are no large-scale human clinical trials specifically on Common Boneset for colds and flu, its traditional use is extensive, and preliminary research supports its potential mechanisms of action.
Muscle and Joint Pain:
Common Boneset’s traditional use for relieving body aches, especially those associated with the flu, suggests its potential as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.
- Mechanism of Action (Potential): The sesquiterpene lactones and flavonoids may help reduce inflammation and pain by inhibiting inflammatory pathways.
- How to Use:
- Tea: As described above for colds and flu.
- Topical Application (Poultice): A poultice can be made by crushing fresh or dried leaves and applying them to the affected area. However, this is less common and should be done with caution to avoid skin irritation. Always test a small area first.
- Evidence: Again, large-scale human trials are lacking, but traditional use and the known anti-inflammatory properties of some of its constituents provide a basis for its potential effectiveness.
Other Potential Uses:
- Digestive Issues: Some traditional uses suggest it may help with mild digestive upset, but scientific evidence is very limited.
- Respiratory Congestion: Its expectorant properties may help loosen mucus, but more research is needed.
Important Considerations and Precautions:
- Dosage: It’s crucial to follow recommended dosages. High doses of Common Boneset can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
- Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Common Boneset is not recommended for use during pregnancy or breastfeeding due to a lack of safety data.
- Liver Disease: Individuals with liver disease should avoid Common Boneset, as it contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), which can be toxic to the liver in high doses. While the PA levels in Eupatorium perfoliatum are generally considered low, caution is still advised.
- Allergies: People with allergies to plants in the Asteraceae family (ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, daisies) should use Common Boneset with caution, as allergic reactions are possible.
- Interactions with Medications: Common Boneset may interact with certain medications, including blood thinners, diuretics, and medications that affect the liver. Always consult with a healthcare professional before using Common Boneset if you are taking any medications.
- Children: Due to lack of safety information, it is not recommended for use in children.
Growing Common Boneset
Common Boneset is a relatively easy plant to grow, making it a rewarding addition to a medicinal herb garden or a native plant landscape.
Cultivation Requirements:
- Sunlight: Prefers full sun to partial shade. At least 4-6 hours of direct sunlight per day is ideal.
- Soil: Thrives in moist to wet, well-drained soil. It can tolerate a range of soil types, including clay, loam, and sand, but prefers a slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.0-7.0).
- Watering: Requires consistently moist soil. Water regularly, especially during dry periods. Do not allow the soil to dry out completely.
- Hardiness Zones: Hardy in USDA zones 3-8.
- Spacing: Space plants 18-24 inches apart.
- Fertilizing: Not generally required, but a light application of compost or balanced fertilizer in the spring can be beneficial.
Propagation Methods:
- Seed: Common Boneset can be easily grown from seed.
- Direct Sowing: Sow seeds directly in the garden in the fall or early spring. Seeds need a period of cold stratification (exposure to cold temperatures) to germinate.
- Starting Indoors: Start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last expected frost. Sow seeds on the surface of a seed-starting mix and keep them moist. Germination typically takes 2-4 weeks.
- Division: Established plants can be divided in the spring or fall. Carefully dig up the plant and separate the rhizomes, making sure each division has several roots and shoots.
- Cuttings: Stem cuttings can be taken in the late spring or early summer. Take 4-6 inch cuttings from non-flowering stems, remove the lower leaves, and dip the cut end in rooting hormone (optional). Place the cuttings in a moist potting mix and keep them in a warm, humid environment.
Planting and Care:
- Site Selection: Choose a location that meets the plant’s sunlight and soil requirements.
- Soil Preparation: Amend the soil with compost or other organic matter to improve drainage and fertility.
- Planting: Plant seedlings or divisions at the same depth they were growing previously. Water thoroughly after planting.
- Watering: Water regularly to keep the soil consistently moist.
- Mulching: Apply a layer of mulch around the plants to help retain moisture and suppress weeds.
- Weeding: Remove weeds regularly to prevent competition for nutrients and water.
- Pest and Disease Control: Common Boneset is generally pest and disease-resistant. However, keep an eye out for common garden pests like aphids or spider mites. If necessary, treat with an appropriate organic insecticide or miticide.
- Deadheading: Not required, but removing spent flower heads can encourage a second flush of blooms.
Harvesting:
- Leaves: Harvest leaves throughout the growing season, as needed. The best time to harvest leaves for medicinal use is just before the plant flowers.
- Flowers: Harvest flowers when they are fully open.
- Drying: Dry leaves and flowers in a well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight. Spread them out on a screen or hang them in bunches. They should be completely dry and crispy before storing.
- Storage: Store dried leaves and flowers in airtight containers in a cool, dark, dry place.
Purchasing Common Boneset
If you’re not growing your own, you can purchase Common Boneset in various forms. Here’s what to consider:
Forms Available:
- Dried Herb: The most common form, used for making tea.
- Tincture: A concentrated liquid extract, typically made with alcohol.
- Capsules: Dried, powdered herb encapsulated for convenient dosing.
- Live Plants: Available from some nurseries and online retailers, especially those specializing in native plants or medicinal herbs.
Where to Buy:
- Online Retailers: Many online retailers sell Common Boneset products. Look for reputable suppliers that specialize in herbs and natural health products. Examples include Mountain Rose Herbs, Starwest Botanicals, and Amazon. Always read reviews.
- Local Herb Shops: Check your local herb shops or natural health stores. They may carry dried Common Boneset or tinctures.
- Nurseries: Some nurseries, particularly those specializing in native plants, may sell live Common Boneset plants.
Considerations When Buying:
- Source and Quality: Choose products from reputable suppliers that prioritize quality and sustainability. Look for organic or wildcrafted Common Boneset whenever possible.
- Form: Consider which form is best suited to your needs. Tea is traditional, but tinctures and capsules offer convenience.
- Price: Prices vary depending on the form, quantity, and supplier. Compare prices before making a purchase.
- Reviews: Read customer reviews to get an idea of the product’s quality and the supplier’s reputation.
- Expiration Date: Check the expiration date on the product to ensure freshness.
Gardencenterpoint.com does not sell Common Boneset directly. Instead, we provide links to reputable retailers where you can purchase high-quality products. We aim to connect our readers with the best resources available. (Affiliate links would be placed here in a real-world scenario, directing users to specific products on trusted websites.)
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1: Is Common Boneset safe for everyone?
A1: No. Common Boneset is not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women, individuals with liver disease, or people with allergies to plants in the Asteraceae family. It may also interact with certain medications. Always consult with a healthcare professional before using Common Boneset, especially if you have any underlying health conditions.
Q2: What is the recommended dosage of Common Boneset?
A2: Dosage varies depending on the form and the individual. For tea, 1-2 teaspoons of dried herb per 8 ounces of water, up to 3 times daily, is a common recommendation. For tinctures and capsules, follow the instructions on the product label. It’s always best to start with a low dose and increase gradually as needed.
Q3: Can I take Common Boneset with other medications?
A3: Common Boneset may interact with certain medications, including blood thinners, diuretics, and medications that affect the liver. It’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before using Common Boneset if you are taking any medications.
Q4: How long does it take for Common Boneset to work?
A4: The effects of Common Boneset can vary depending on the individual and the condition being treated. Some people may experience relief from symptoms within a few hours, while others may need to take it for several days to notice a difference.
Q5: Can I grow Common Boneset in a container?
A5: Yes, Common Boneset can be grown in a container, as long as the container is large enough (at least 12 inches in diameter) and has good drainage. Use a high-quality potting mix and make sure to keep the soil consistently moist.
Q6: Are there any side effects of Common Boneset?
A6: Common Boneset is generally considered safe when used in recommended dosages. However, some people may experience mild side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, especially at high doses.
Q7: What is the difference between Eupatorium perfoliatum and other Eupatorium species? A7: There are many Eupatorium species and some have similiar medicinal uses. Eupatorium perfoliatum is distinguished by the perfoliate leaves. It is important to properly identify the correct species before use.
Q8: Can Common Boneset cure the flu?
A8: Common Boneset is not a cure for the flu. It may help relieve symptoms and support the immune system, but it does not eliminate the virus.
Q9: Is Common Boneset the same as Boneset ( Eupatorium fortunei) A9: No. They are different, although related, species. Eupatorium fortunei is native to Asia and used in Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Q10: Where can I find more information about Common Boneset?
A10: Consult reputable sources such as herbal medicine books, scientific databases (PubMed, Google Scholar), and websites of trusted organizations like the American Botanical Council or the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH).
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