Common Daisy (Bellis perennis)

The Common Daisy, also known by its common names such as English daisy, lawn daisy, or occasionally woundwort, and scientifically as Bellis perennis, is a beloved perennial flowering plant known for its cheerful appearance and resilience. This seemingly simple flower offers a surprising array of benefits, from its edible qualities to its medicinal uses.

At Gardencenterpoint.com, we understand the enduring appeal of this classic bloom. Whether you’re looking to buy common daisy seeds or find local nurseries that stock them, this guide provides everything you need to cultivate and appreciate the Bellis perennis.

Common Daisy Overview

The Common Daisy, a member of the Asteraceae family, is native to Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia but has naturalized across the globe, gracing gardens, meadows, and even roadsides with its presence. This adaptable plant thrives in a variety of conditions, making it a popular choice for gardeners of all skill levels. Its low-growing habit and bright, cheerful flowers make it a versatile addition to any landscape.

Common Name(s)	Common Daisy, English Daisy, Lawn Daisy, Woundwort
Botanical Name	Bellis perennis
Family	Asteraceae
Genus	Bellis
Species	perennis
Origin	Europe, North Africa, parts of Asia (Naturalized globally)
Native	Not USA, introduced.
Life Cycle	Perennial (often short-lived, behaves as biennial in some climates)
Plant Type	Herbaceous
Hardiness Zones	USDA Zones 4-8
Sunlight	Full Sun to Partial Shade
Maintenance	Low
Water	Moderate; drought-tolerant once established
Drainage	Well-Drained
Spacing	6-12 inches (15-30 cm)
Flowering Period	Spring to early summer (sporadic blooms possible throughout growing season)
Height	2-6 inches (5-15 cm)
Growth Rate	Moderate
Flower Color	White (ray florets), Yellow (disc florets); Pink and Red cultivars available
Stem Color	Green
Flower Benefit	Long bloom season, attracts pollinators
Garden Style	Cottage, Meadow, Rock Garden, Lawns, Borders, Containers
Uses	Ornamental, Edible (young leaves and flowers), Medicinal (traditional uses, ongoing research), Groundcover
Soil pH	6.0-7.0 (Slightly acidic to neutral)
Soil Type	Loam, Sand, Chalk
Wildlife Value	Attracts some pollinators
Propagation	Seed, Division
Deer Resistance	Generally resistant

Its enduring popularity stems from more than just its pretty face. The Common Daisy possesses a rich history, intertwined with folklore, medicine, and even culinary traditions. The name “daisy” itself is believed to be a corruption of “day’s eye,” a reference to the flower’s habit of opening its petals at dawn and closing them at dusk. This simple act has captivated observers for centuries, embedding the daisy in cultural symbolism representing innocence, purity, and new beginnings.

The leaves form a basal rosette, meaning they grow from the base of the plant in a circular pattern. These leaves are typically spoon-shaped or slightly toothed, providing a verdant backdrop to the iconic flowers. The flower heads, which are technically composite flowers, consist of a central yellow disc florets surrounded by a ring of white ray florets (often mistaken for petals). These ray florets can sometimes be tinged with pink or red, adding subtle variations to the classic daisy appearance.

Beyond its aesthetic appeal, the Common Daisy offers a range of practical uses. Historically, it has been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments, from coughs and colds to wounds and inflammation. Although Gardencenterpoint.com does not offer medical advice, research is looking into the bioactive compounds present in the plant, such as saponins, tannins, and flavonoids, which are believed to contribute to its medicinal properties. A study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology in 2020 investigated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Bellis perennis extracts, finding promising results that support its traditional use in wound healing. (Reference: Petkova, Z., et al. “Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of extracts from Bellis perennis L. flowers.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 258, 2020, 112867.)

Common Daisy Characteristics

The Common Daisy’s seemingly simple structure belies a complex and fascinating biology. Understanding these characteristics is key to successful cultivation and appreciation of this resilient flower.

• Growth Habit: The Common Daisy is a herbaceous perennial, meaning it lives for more than two years and its above-ground parts die back in the winter, regrowing from the rootstock in the spring. It typically grows to a height of 2-6 inches (5-15 cm) and spreads via short rhizomes, forming dense mats over time.
• Leaves: The leaves are 1-3 inches (2.5-7.5 cm) long, obovate (wider at the tip than the base) to spatulate (spoon-shaped), with slightly toothed or scalloped margins. They are typically a vibrant green color and have a slightly hairy texture.
• Flowers: The flower heads are 0.75-2 inches (2-5 cm) in diameter. The central disc florets are yellow and tightly packed, while the ray florets are typically white, but can also be pink or red. The flowering period typically extends from spring to early summer, with sporadic blooms possible throughout the growing season.
• Roots: The Common Daisy has a shallow, fibrous root system that helps it to anchor itself in the soil and absorb water and nutrients. The presence of short rhizomes allows the plant to spread vegetatively, forming colonies.
• Seeds: After flowering, the Common Daisy produces small, dry fruits called achenes. These achenes contain a single seed and are dispersed by wind, animals, or water. The seeds are typically 1-2 mm long and have a brownish color.
• Life Cycle: The Common Daisy typically follows a biennial or short-lived perennial life cycle. In its first year, it focuses on vegetative growth, developing a strong root system and rosette of leaves. In the second year, it flowers and produces seeds. While the original plant may decline after flowering, it often self-seeds readily, ensuring a continuous presence in the garden.

Characteristic	Description
Leaf Shape	Obovate to spatulate
Leaf Size	1-3 inches (2.5-7.5 cm) long
Flower Size	0.75-2 inches (2-5 cm) diameter
Flower Color	White ray florets, yellow disc florets (pink or red variations exist)
Blooming Period	Spring to early summer (sporadic blooms possible throughout growing season)

How to Grow Common Daisy

Cultivating the Common Daisy is a rewarding experience, accessible to even novice gardeners. By following these simple steps, you can enjoy a profusion of these cheerful blooms in your garden.

1. Choosing the Right Location: Common Daisies thrive in full sun to partial shade. While they can tolerate a range of light conditions, they will produce the most flowers in a location that receives at least 4-6 hours of direct sunlight per day. They also prefer well-drained soil. Avoid planting them in areas where water tends to pool, as this can lead to root rot.
2. Soil Preparation: Common Daisies are not particularly fussy about soil type, but they perform best in moderately fertile, well-drained soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. Before planting, amend the soil with compost or other organic matter to improve drainage and fertility. This will provide the plants with the nutrients they need to thrive. A soil test, readily available through local university extension services, can provide detailed information about your soil’s composition and nutrient levels.
3. Planting from Seed: Common Daisy seeds can be sown directly in the garden in spring or fall, or started indoors 6-8 weeks before the last expected frost.
   • Direct Sowing: Sow the seeds thinly on the surface of the prepared soil and lightly rake them in. Keep the soil consistently moist until germination, which typically occurs within 10-14 days.
   • Starting Indoors: Sow the seeds in seed trays or small pots filled with a seed-starting mix. Maintain a temperature of 65-70°F (18-21°C) and keep the soil moist. Once the seedlings have developed a few sets of true leaves, they can be transplanted outdoors after the danger of frost has passed.
4. Planting from Transplants: If you purchase Common Daisy plants from a nursery, choose healthy, compact plants with good leaf color. Space the plants 6-12 inches (15-30 cm) apart, depending on the desired effect. Dig a hole slightly larger than the root ball, gently remove the plant from its container, and place it in the hole. Backfill with soil, firming it gently around the roots. Water thoroughly after planting.
5. Watering: Water Common Daisies regularly, especially during dry periods. Aim to keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. Once established, they are relatively drought-tolerant, but they will perform best with regular watering. A good rule of thumb is to water deeply when the top inch of soil feels dry to the touch.
6. Fertilizing: Common Daisies are not heavy feeders, but they will benefit from a light application of fertilizer in early spring. Use a balanced, slow-release fertilizer or a liquid fertilizer diluted to half strength. Avoid over-fertilizing, as this can lead to excessive foliage growth and fewer flowers.
7. Deadheading: Deadheading, or removing spent flowers, encourages continued blooming and prevents the plant from putting energy into seed production. Simply pinch or snip off the faded flower heads just below the base.
8. Division: Common Daisies can be divided every 2-3 years to maintain vigor and prevent overcrowding. The best time to divide them is in early spring or fall. Carefully dig up the clump and use a sharp knife or spade to separate it into smaller sections, each with several healthy shoots and roots. Replant the divisions immediately.

Common Daisy Care

Once established, Common Daisies require minimal care, but a few simple maintenance practices will keep them looking their best.

• Weeding: Regularly remove weeds from around the plants to reduce competition for water and nutrients. Hand-weeding is the most effective method, as it avoids damaging the shallow roots of the daisies.
• Mulching: Apply a layer of organic mulch, such as shredded bark or compost, around the plants to help retain moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature. Keep the mulch away from the crown of the plant to prevent rot.
• Pest and Disease Control: Common Daisies are generally pest and disease resistant. However, they can occasionally be affected by aphids, slugs, or fungal diseases.
  • Aphids: These small, sap-sucking insects can be controlled with a strong blast of water from a hose or by applying insecticidal soap.
  • Slugs: Slugs can damage the leaves and flowers. Hand-picking, beer traps, or diatomaceous earth can help to control them.
  • Fungal Diseases: Fungal diseases, such as powdery mildew or leaf spot, can occur in humid conditions. Ensure good air circulation around the plants and avoid overhead watering to minimize the risk of fungal infections. If necessary, apply a fungicide labeled for use on daisies.
• Winter Protection: In colder climates (USDA Zones 4-5), a layer of mulch applied in late fall can help protect the plants from winter damage. Remove the mulch in early spring after the danger of frost has passed.

Common Daisy Varieties and Cultivars

While the classic white Common Daisy is widely recognized, several cultivars offer variations in flower color, size, and form. Here are a few popular examples:

• ‘Tasso Pink’: This cultivar features double, pompon-like flowers in a vibrant shade of pink.
• ‘Rob Roy’: A compact variety with deep red, double flowers.
• ‘Pomponette’: A mix of colors, including white, pink, and red, with small, tightly packed, double flowers.
• ‘Galaxy’: Single flowers in a mix of colours.
• ‘Habanera’: White petals with red tips.

These cultivars offer a range of options for adding color and interest to your Common Daisy plantings. When selecting cultivars, consider your personal preferences and the overall design of your garden.

Common Daisy Uses

The Common Daisy’s versatility extends beyond its ornamental value. It has a long history of use in culinary and medicinal applications.

• Edible Uses: The young leaves and flower buds of the Common Daisy are edible and can be added to salads, soups, or sandwiches. They have a slightly bitter, tangy flavor. The flowers can also be used as a garnish or to make tea. It is important to note that only organically grown daisies, free from pesticides and herbicides, should be consumed.
• Medicinal Uses: As mentioned earlier, the Common Daisy has been used in traditional medicine for centuries. While Gardencenterpoint.com makes no medical claims, current research is exploring its potential benefits.
• Cosmetic Uses: Extracts of Common Daisy are sometimes used in cosmetic products, such as skin creams and lotions, due to their purported skin-brightening and anti-inflammatory properties.
• Other uses: Common Daisys are frequently used in lawns to offer a more bio-diverse habitat than grass-only lawns.

Common Daisy Propagation

There are two primary methods for propagating Common Daisies: seed and division.

• Seed Propagation: As described in the “How to Grow” section, Common Daisy seeds can be sown directly in the garden or started indoors. This is the most common method for propagating large numbers of plants.
• Division: Dividing established clumps is a simple and effective way to propagate Common Daisies. This method produces plants that are genetically identical to the parent plant. The best time to divide them is in early spring or fall.

Common Daisy Problems and Solutions

While Common Daisies are generally trouble-free, occasional problems may arise.

• Leggy Growth: Common causes would be a lack of sunlight, or over fertilisation.
• Yellowing Leaves: This can be caused by overwatering, underwatering, nutrient deficiencies, or poor drainage. Adjust your watering practices and consider a soil test to identify any nutrient imbalances.
• Few Flowers: This can be due to a lack of sunlight, inadequate deadheading, or over-fertilizing. Ensure the plants receive adequate light, deadhead regularly, and avoid excessive fertilizer application.
• Pests or Diseases: As mentioned earlier, aphids, slugs, and fungal diseases can occasionally affect Common Daisies. Implement appropriate control measures as needed.

Common Daisy Meaning: Symbolism, Folklore, and Cultural Significance

The Common Daisy, Bellis perennis, holds a significance that extends far beyond its simple beauty. It’s a flower steeped in symbolism, woven into folklore, and imbued with cultural meaning across various societies and historical periods. Understanding these deeper layers enriches our appreciation for this seemingly unassuming bloom. Gardencenterpoint recognizes that connecting with the history and meaning of plants enhances the gardening experience.

The most prevalent meaning associated with the Common Daisy is innocence. This symbolism likely stems from the flower’s pure white petals and its association with childhood. Children often make daisy chains, a simple and joyful activity that reinforces the flower’s connection to purity and untainted youth. This association with innocence also makes the Common Daisy a popular flower in bouquets for new mothers or as a symbol of new beginnings.

Another key meaning is purity. Similar to innocence, the pristine white of the ray florets evokes a sense of cleanliness and untainted virtue. This symbolism has made the daisy a recurring motif in religious art, often associated with the Virgin Mary in Christian traditions. The flower’s unblemished appearance represents spiritual purity and devotion.

The Common Daisy is also linked to loyal love and fidelity. One of the most well-known traditions is the “he loves me, he loves me not” petal-plucking game. This romantic divination, though playful, highlights the daisy’s association with enduring love and the hope for reciprocated affection. The act of plucking each petal represents the uncertainty and anticipation inherent in matters of the heart.

Beyond these core meanings, the Common Daisy has also been associated with:

• New Beginnings: As the “day’s eye” that opens with the dawn, the daisy symbolizes fresh starts, hope, and the promise of a new day. This makes it a fitting flower for celebrations of new life, such as births, graduations, or new ventures.
• Cheerfulness: The bright, sunny appearance of the Common Daisy naturally evokes feelings of joy and optimism. Its simple beauty can lift spirits and bring a smile to one’s face, making it a symbol of happiness and lightheartedness.
• Simplicity: The Common Daisy’s unassuming beauty represents a return to simplicity and an appreciation for the natural world. In a world often characterized by complexity, the daisy reminds us to find joy in the small things.
• Patience: A virtue all gardeners need.
• Beauty: It’s beautiful appearance.

In different cultures, the Common Daisy has held varying symbolic interpretations. In Norse mythology, the daisy was associated with Freya, the goddess of love, beauty, and fertility. In Celtic traditions, daisies were believed to represent the spirits of children who had died in infancy. The Victorians, known for their elaborate language of flowers, used daisies to convey innocence, loyal love, and “I’ll never tell,” representing a shared secret.

A study published in the journal Folklore in 2018 explored the diverse cultural interpretations of the Common Daisy, highlighting its enduring presence in myths, legends, and traditional practices across Europe. (Reference: Vickery, Roy. “The Folklore of the Daisy (Bellis perennis L.).” Folklore, vol. 129, no. 3, 2018, pp. 285-305.) This research underscores the flower’s deep-rooted connection to human culture and its ability to convey a range of emotions and beliefs.

Even the name “daisy,” derived from the Old English “dæges eage” (day’s eye), carries symbolic weight. It reflects the flower’s diurnal rhythm of opening and closing with the sun, a constant reminder of the cyclical nature of life and the promise of renewal. The common name woundwort, speaks to its historical use.

The Common Daisy’s meaning, therefore, is multifaceted and layered. It’s a flower that speaks to our fundamental human experiences – love, loss, hope, and renewal. At Gardencenterpoint.com, we believe that understanding these symbolic connections enriches our appreciation for the natural world and adds another dimension to the joy of gardening. It allows us to connect with a long history of human interaction with this seemingly simple, yet profoundly meaningful, flower. The daisy is not just a plant; it’s a symbol, a story, and a connection to the past.