Coriander (Coriandrum sativum)

Coriander, also known as cilantro or Chinese parsley, is a versatile herb with the botanical name Coriandrum sativum. This fragrant plant offers a wealth of culinary and potential health advantages.

This comprehensive guide from Gardencenterpoint.com will explore everything you need to know about coriander, from seed to harvest. We’ll cover growing tips, various culinary applications, and potential health benefits. Keep reading to unlock the secrets of this amazing herb and discover how to grow coriander successfully! We will explore the diverse uses of coriander/cilantro in your kitchen.

What is Coriander? A Deep Dive into This Versatile Herb

Coriander is a fascinating herb with a long and rich history. It belongs to the Apiaceae family, which also includes carrots, parsley, and celery. What’s unique about coriander is that both its leaves (commonly called cilantro) and its seeds are used as culinary ingredients, each offering distinct flavors and aromas.

Common name	Coriander, Cilantro, Chinese Parsley
Botanical name	Coriandrum sativum
Family	Apiaceae
Genus	Coriandrum
Species	sativum
Origin	Southern Europe, North Africa, Southwestern Asia
Native	Not native to USA (but widely cultivated)
Life cycle	Annual
Plant type	Herb
Hardiness zone	2-11 (as an annual, can be grown virtually anywhere)
Sunlight	Full Sun to Partial Shade (at least 6 hours of sun is best)
Maintenance	Low
Water	Moderate (keep soil consistently moist)
Drainage	Well-Drained
Spacing	4-6 inches apart (for seedlings)
Flowering period	Spring to Summer (depending on climate)
Height	1-2 feet (30-60 cm)
Growth rate	Relatively Fast
Flower color	White or Pale Pink
Stem color	Green
Flower benefit	Attracts beneficial insects
Garden style	Herb Garden, Vegetable Garden, Container Garden
Uses	Culinary (leaves and seeds), Medicinal (potential)
Soil pH	6.2 to 6.8 (slightly acidic to neutral)
Propagation	Seed
Bolting	Prone to bolting in hot weather
Pest Resistance	Generally pest and disease resistant
Leaf Texture	Finely divided, delicate
Seed Shape	Small, round
Seed Color	Beige-brown
Scent (Leaves)	Fresh, citrusy, some describe as soapy
Scent (Seeds)	Warm, spicy, nutty

The fresh leaves, or cilantro, have a bright, citrusy, and slightly peppery flavor. Some people, however, perceive a soapy taste due to a genetic variation. The seeds, known as coriander, have a warm, spicy, and slightly nutty flavor with hints of citrus. This difference in flavor profiles makes coriander a remarkably versatile ingredient, suitable for a wide range of dishes from around the world.

Coriander’s use dates back thousands of years. Archaeological evidence suggests it was cultivated in ancient Egypt as far back as 1550 BC. It was also used by the ancient Greeks and Romans, both for culinary and medicinal purposes. The herb’s popularity spread throughout Europe and Asia, becoming a staple ingredient in many cuisines, including Indian, Mexican, Middle Eastern, and Southeast Asian.

What is the Difference Between Coriander and Cilantro?

The terms “coriander” and “cilantro” can be confusing. Let’s revisit this distinction and clarify it further.

• Botanically: Both terms refer to the same plant, Coriandrum sativum.
• Culinary Usage: The distinction is primarily based on culinary usage and regional preferences.
  • Cilantro: Generally refers to the fresh leaves of the plant.
  • Coriander: Generally refers to the dried seeds of the plant.
• Regional Variations: In some parts of the world, such as the UK, “coriander” is used to refer to both the leaves and seeds.

Why the Different Names?

The different names likely originated from different languages and culinary traditions. “Cilantro” is the Spanish word for coriander, while “coriander” comes from the Latin word “coriandrum.”

Which Term Should You Use?

It depends on the context and your audience. In general, it’s safe to use “cilantro” for the leaves and “coriander” for the seeds, especially in North America. However, be aware of regional variations and adjust your terminology accordingly.

Feature	Cilantro	Coriander
Plant Part	Fresh leaves of the Coriandrum sativum plant	Dried seeds of the Coriandrum sativum plant
Flavor Profile	Bright, citrusy, slightly peppery (may taste soapy to some due to genetic variation)	Warm, spicy, nutty, with citrus undertones
Culinary Uses	Garnish, salads, salsas, sauces, added at the end of cooking	Spice rubs, curries, pickling, baking, brewing, dishes requiring longer cooking times
Growing Focus	Preventing bolting to maximize leaf harvest	Allowing the plant to flower and produce seeds
Regional Usage	Commonly used in North America to refer to the leaves	Commonly used in North America to refer to the seeds; in some regions (e.g., UK), refers to both leaves and seeds

How to Grow Coriander/Cilantro

Growing coriander is relatively easy, making it a rewarding experience for both beginner and experienced gardeners. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you cultivate this flavorful herb:

Choosing Seeds or Seedlings:

You can start coriander from seeds or purchase seedlings from a local nursery or garden center. Starting from seed is generally more economical, but seedlings give you a head start.

• Seeds: Choose high-quality seeds from a reputable supplier. Look for seeds that are plump, dry, and free from damage.
• Seedlings: Select healthy seedlings with vibrant green leaves and no signs of pests or diseases.

Timing Your Planting:

Coriander is a cool-season crop, meaning it prefers cooler temperatures. It tends to bolt (go to seed quickly) in hot weather.

• Spring Planting: Sow seeds directly in the garden after the last frost has passed.
• Fall Planting: In warmer climates, sow seeds in late summer or early fall for a fall and winter harvest.
• Succession Planting: To ensure a continuous supply of fresh cilantro, sow seeds every 2-3 weeks throughout the growing season.

Preparing the Soil:

Coriander thrives in well-drained soil rich in organic matter.

1. Choose a Location: Select a spot in your garden that receives full sun to partial shade.
2. Amend the Soil: If your soil is heavy clay or sandy, amend it with compost or other organic matter to improve drainage and fertility.
3. Test the Soil pH: Coriander prefers a slightly acidic to neutral soil pH (6.2 to 6.8). You can use a soil testing kit to determine your soil’s pH and make adjustments if necessary.

Sowing Seeds:

1. Direct Sowing: Sow seeds directly into the prepared soil, about ¼ inch deep and ½ inch apart.
2. Spacing: Thin seedlings to 4-6 inches apart once they have a few sets of true leaves.
3. Watering: Water the seeds gently after sowing, keeping the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged.

Growing Coriander in Containers

Coriander also grows well in containers, making it a great option for small gardens or patios.

1. Choose a Container: Select a pot that is at least 8 inches deep and has drainage holes.
2. Potting Mix: Use a well-draining potting mix specifically formulated for herbs or vegetables.
3. Sowing: Sow seeds as described above.
4. Watering: Water regularly, allowing the soil to dry slightly between waterings.
5. Fertilizing: Feed container-grown coriander with a balanced liquid fertilizer every few weeks.

Caring for Your Coriander Plants

• Watering: Water regularly, especially during dry periods. Coriander prefers consistently moist soil, but avoid overwatering, which can lead to root rot.
• Fertilizing: Coriander doesn’t require a lot of fertilizer. If your soil is poor, you can apply a balanced fertilizer at planting time and again a few weeks later.
• Weeding: Keep the area around your coriander plants free from weeds, which can compete for nutrients and water.
• Mulching: Apply a layer of mulch around the plants to help retain moisture and suppress weeds.
• Pest and Disease Control: Coriander is generally pest and disease-resistant. However, keep an eye out for aphids, whiteflies, and fungal diseases. Treat any problems promptly with organic pest control methods.

Preventing Bolting

Bolting is a common issue with coriander, especially in warm weather. When a plant bolts, it produces flowers and seeds prematurely, which can make the leaves taste bitter.

Here are some tips to prevent bolting:

• Choose Bolt-Resistant Varieties: Some coriander varieties are bred to be more resistant to bolting. Look for varieties labeled as “slow-bolting” or “long-standing.”
• Plant in Cooler Weather: Avoid planting coriander during the hottest part of the summer.
• Provide Shade: In hot climates, provide some afternoon shade to protect your plants from the intense heat.
• Harvest Regularly: Harvest the leaves frequently to encourage new growth and delay flowering.
• Pinch off Flower Buds: If you see flower buds forming, pinch them off to prolong the leaf harvest.

Harvesting Coriander/Cilantro

Harvesting coriander is a simple process.

• Harvesting Cilantro Leaves: You can start harvesting cilantro leaves when the plants are about 6 inches tall. Simply snip off the outer leaves as needed, leaving the inner leaves to continue growing.
• Harvesting Coriander Seeds: Allow the plants to flower and produce seeds. Once the seeds turn brown and dry, cut the entire plant and hang it upside down in a paper bag to collect the seeds.

What is Coriander/Cilantro Used For?

Coriander is a versatile herb used in cuisines worldwide. Its unique flavor profile adds a distinctive touch to a variety of dishes.

Cilantro (Leaves):

• Garnish: Fresh cilantro leaves are often used as a garnish for soups, stews, salads, and tacos.
• Salads: Cilantro adds a refreshing flavor to salads, especially those with Asian or Latin American influences.
• Salsas and Sauces: Cilantro is a key ingredient in many salsas and sauces, such as guacamole, pico de gallo, and chutney.
• Curries: Cilantro is often added to curries at the end of cooking to preserve its flavor and aroma.
• Marinades: Cilantro can be used in marinades for meats, poultry, and seafood.

Coriander (Seeds):

• Spice Rubs: Ground coriander is a common ingredient in spice rubs for meats and vegetables.
• Curries: Coriander is a staple spice in many Indian curries.
• Pickling: Coriander seeds are used in pickling spices to add flavor and aroma.
• Baking: Ground coriander can be added to baked goods, such as breads, cakes, and cookies.
• Beverages: Coriander seeds are sometimes used to flavor beverages, such as beer and gin.

Example Recipes:

Here are a few example recipes that showcase the versatility of coriander:

• Cilantro-Lime Rice: Cook rice according to package directions. Stir in chopped cilantro, lime juice, and a pinch of salt.
• Chicken Tikka Masala: This classic Indian curry features ground coriander as a key spice.
• Guacamole: Mash avocados with chopped cilantro, diced onion, lime juice, and salt.
• Coriander-Crusted Salmon: Coat salmon fillets with a mixture of ground coriander, breadcrumbs, and spices. Bake or pan-fry until cooked through.
• Spiced Carrot and Coriander Soup: A warming and flavorful soup perfect.

Gardencenterpoint encourages exploring these recipes and discovering your own favorite ways to use coriander.

What are the Health Benefits of Coriander/Cilantro?

Coriander is not only a delicious herb but also offers potential health benefits. It is a good source of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.

Nutritional Value:

Coriander is low in calories and a good source of:

• Vitamin K: Essential for blood clotting.
• Vitamin A: Important for vision, immune function, and cell growth.
• Vitamin C: An antioxidant that supports immune function.
• Manganese: Important for bone health and metabolism.
• Dietary Fiber: Promotes digestive health.

Potential Health Benefits:

• Antioxidant Properties: Coriander contains antioxidants that may help protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. (Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry)
• May Help Lower Blood Sugar: Some studies suggest that coriander may help lower blood sugar levels. (Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology)
• May Promote Heart Health: Coriander may help lower cholesterol levels and blood pressure. (Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition)
• May Have Anti-inflammatory Effects: Coriander contains compounds that may have anti-inflammatory properties. (Source: Molecular Neurobiology)
• May Support Digestive Health: Coriander has traditionally been used to aid digestion and relieve bloating. (Source: Phytotherapy Research)
• May Protect Against Certain Infections: studies show it fights certain infections and foodborne illnesses.

Important Note: While coriander offers potential health benefits, it’s important to remember that it is not a substitute for medical treatment. If you have any health concerns, consult with a healthcare professional.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Here are some frequently asked questions about coriander:

• Q: Can I grow coriander indoors?
  • A: Yes, you can grow coriander indoors in a sunny windowsill or under grow lights.
• Q: How often should I water coriander?
  • A: Water regularly, keeping the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged.
• Q: How long does it take for coriander seeds to germinate?
  • A: Coriander seeds typically germinate within 7-10 days.
• Q: Can I freeze coriander?
  • A: Yes, you can freeze cilantro leaves. Chop them and freeze them in ice cube trays with water or oil.
• Q: Why does cilantro have soapy taste?
  • A: The soapy taste has the scientific support of genetics. A group of olfactory-receptor genes, most notably OR6A2, gives a heightened sensitivity to the aldehydes that gives the cilantro its distinctive smell, and soapy flavor.
• Q: What are some good companion plants for coriander?
  • A: Good companion plants for coriander include tomatoes, peppers, spinach, and lettuce.
• Q: Is coriander a perennial?
  • A: No, coriander is an annual plant, meaning it completes its life cycle in one year.
• Q: Does cilantro repel bugs?
  • A: Yes, the scent of the cilantro plant is found to naturally repel insects.
• Q: Can dogs eat coriander?
  • A: Yes, both cilantro and coriander is a nontoxic herb that is safe for dogs to eat.
• Q: How can I preserve the coriander?
  • A: There are different methods of preservation, such as, refrigeration, freezing, drying, and pickling.
• Q: How do you store fresh coriander?
  • A: The best way to keep cilantro from wilting is to store it in the fridge, in a jar with water and covered.
• Q: Is coriander and Parsley the same?
  • A: The main difference is the flavor. Coriander leaves have a more citrusy flavor, while parsley has a mild herby flavor.