Garden Angelica (Angelica archangelica)

Garden Angelica, also known as Angelica archangelica, wild celery, and Norwegian angelica, is a majestic and beneficial herb with a long history of culinary and medicinal use. This biennial or short-lived perennial offers more than just visual appeal; it’s a powerhouse of potential benefits.

At Gardencenterpoint.com, we believe understanding how to successfully grow Angelica archangelica, and using this beneficial herb, unlocks a world of gardening and wellness possibilities. This guide will cover everything from seed starting to harvesting and exploring the various uses and buying options available.

Understanding Garden Angelica: Botany and Background

Garden Angelica (Angelica archangelica) belongs to the Apiaceae family, also known as the Umbelliferae family, which includes carrots, parsley, and dill. This family is characterized by plants with hollow stems and flowers arranged in umbels (umbrella-like clusters). Garden Angelica is a biennial or short-lived perennial, typically flowering in its second year and then setting seed. In some cases, if flowering is prevented, it may persist for another year or two.

Common name	Garden Angelica, Wild Celery, Norwegian Angelica
Botanical name	Angelica archangelica
Family	Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
Genus	Angelica
Species	archangelica
Origin	Northern Europe (Scandinavia, Iceland, Russia)
Native	Not native to the USA, but naturalized in some areas.
Life cycle	Biennial or short-lived perennial
Plant type	Herbaceous
Hardiness zone	USDA Zones 4-9 (Can tolerate colder zones with protection)
Sunlight	Partial Shade (4-6 hours of sunlight, preferably morning sun)
Maintenance	Moderate
Water	Moderate to High (Consistently moist soil)
Drainage	Well-Drained
Soil pH	Slightly Acidic to Neutral (6.0-7.0)
Spacing	2-3 feet (60-90 cm)
Flowering period	Summer (typically in the second year)
Height	4-8 feet (1.2-2.4 meters)
Spread	2-4 feet (0.6-1.2 meters)
Growth rate	Fast
Flower color	Greenish-White
Stem color	Green, often with purple tinges
Leaf color	Bright Green
Flower benefit	Attracts pollinators and beneficial insects
Garden style	Herb Garden, Cottage Garden, Woodland Garden, Naturalistic Garden
Uses	Medicinal, Culinary, Ornamental, Aromatic
Propagation	Primarily by seed (requires cold stratification), occasionally by division.
Soil type	Rich, loamy soil amended with compost.
Fertilizer	Balanced fertilizer (e.g., 10-10-10) or organic amendments.
Pest resistance	Generally pest-resistant; may attract aphids, slugs, or snails.
Disease resistance	Generally disease-resistant; good air circulation helps prevent fungal issues.
Toxicity	Photosensitizing in some individuals due to furanocoumarins. Caution advised for pregnant/breastfeeding women.
Invasive potential	Not typically considered invasive, but can self-seed readily in favorable conditions

Native to Northern Europe, including regions like Scandinavia, Iceland, and Russia, Garden Angelica thrives in cool, moist conditions. Its historical significance is deeply rooted in European folklore, where it was often associated with protection against evil spirits and disease. The name “Angelica” is believed to derive from the Archangel Michael, as the plant was said to bloom around his feast day in the old Julian calendar.

The plant itself is impressive in size, reaching heights of 4 to 8 feet (1.2 to 2.4 meters). Its large, bright green, compound leaves are divided into numerous leaflets, creating a lush, textured appearance. The greenish-white flowers, borne in large, globe-shaped umbels, are highly attractive to pollinators, such as bees and beneficial insects. All parts of the plant, including the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds, possess a distinctive, aromatic fragrance, often described as musky, earthy, and slightly sweet.

Traditional and Modern Uses of Garden Angelica

For centuries, Garden Angelica has been valued for its diverse range of uses. Traditionally, it was employed as a medicinal herb to treat various ailments, including digestive issues, respiratory problems, and even the plague. The stems were often candied and used as a sweet treat or flavoring agent, while the leaves and roots found their way into culinary preparations and alcoholic beverages.

Modern research is beginning to validate some of the traditional uses of Garden Angelica. Studies have identified various bioactive compounds within the plant, including furanocoumarins, essential oils, and flavonoids, which contribute to its potential therapeutic properties.

Medicinal Applications of Garden Angelica

• Digestive Health: Garden Angelica has long been used to alleviate digestive discomfort. It’s believed to act as a carminative, helping to relieve gas and bloating. A study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2007) investigated the antispasmodic effects of Angelica archangelica root extract on isolated guinea pig ileum, suggesting its potential to soothe digestive spasms. (Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2007, Volume 110, Issue 3, Pages 498-503)
• Respiratory Support: Traditionally, Garden Angelica has been used to address respiratory conditions like coughs and colds. While more research is needed, some preliminary studies suggest that its essential oil may possess expectorant properties, helping to loosen and clear mucus from the airways.
• Anti-inflammatory Properties: Some research indicates that Garden Angelica may have anti-inflammatory effects. A study published in Planta Medica (2006) examined the anti-inflammatory activity of compounds isolated from Angelica archangelica roots. (Source: Planta Medica, 2006, Volume 72, Issue 11, Pages 1047-1049)
• Stress and Anxiety Relief: The aroma of Garden Angelica, especially its essential oil, is sometimes used in aromatherapy to promote relaxation and reduce stress. While more clinical trials are needed, anecdotal evidence and some preliminary research suggest it may have a calming effect.

Important Note: While Garden Angelica has a history of medicinal use, it’s crucial to consult with a qualified healthcare professional before using it for therapeutic purposes, especially if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, have any underlying health conditions, or are taking medications.

Culinary Uses of Garden Angelica

• Candied Angelica: The most well-known culinary application of Garden Angelica is candied angelica stems. These bright green, sweet treats are often used as a decoration on cakes and desserts, adding a unique flavor and visual appeal.
• Flavoring Agent: The leaves, stems, and seeds of Garden Angelica can be used to add a distinctive flavor to various dishes. The flavor is often described as a blend of celery, licorice, and juniper. It can be used in soups, stews, salads, and even to flavor liqueurs like Chartreuse and Benedictine.
• Angelica Tea: The dried leaves or roots can be used to make a herbal tea, which is said to have a calming and digestive effect.

Growing Garden Angelica: A Step-by-Step Guide

Successfully cultivating Garden Angelica requires understanding its specific needs and providing the right growing conditions. Here’s a detailed guide to help you grow this magnificent herb in your garden:

1. Choosing the Right Location:

• Sunlight: Garden Angelica prefers partial shade, especially in hotter climates. Ideally, it should receive 4-6 hours of sunlight per day, preferably morning sun with afternoon shade.
• Soil: The plant thrives in rich, moist, well-drained soil with a slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.0-7.0). Amending the soil with compost or well-rotted manure before planting is highly recommended.
• Moisture: Consistent moisture is crucial for Garden Angelica. It prefers consistently damp soil but not waterlogged conditions.
• Space: As a large plant, Garden Angelica needs ample space to grow. Allow at least 2-3 feet (60-90 cm) between plants.

2. Starting from Seed:

• Seed Stratification: Garden Angelica seeds require a period of cold stratification to break dormancy and improve germination. This involves exposing the seeds to cold, moist conditions for several weeks.
  • Method 1 (Refrigerator): Mix the seeds with damp peat moss or vermiculite in a sealed plastic bag and store them in the refrigerator for 4-8 weeks.
  • Method 2 (Direct Sowing): Sow the seeds outdoors in the fall, allowing natural winter conditions to provide the necessary cold stratification.
• Sowing Seeds:
  • Indoors: Start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last expected frost. Sow the seeds shallowly (about 1/4 inch deep) in seed-starting mix. Keep the soil consistently moist and provide bright, indirect light.
  • Outdoors: After the cold stratification period (or in the spring after the last frost), sow the seeds directly into the prepared garden bed. Sow shallowly and keep the soil moist.
• Germination: Garden Angelica seeds can be slow to germinate, taking anywhere from 2-4 weeks, or even longer. Patience is key.

3. Transplanting Seedlings:

• Timing: Transplant seedlings outdoors after the last expected frost, once they have developed several sets of true leaves and are large enough to handle.
• Hardening Off: Before transplanting, gradually acclimate the seedlings to outdoor conditions by exposing them to increasing amounts of sunlight and wind over a period of 7-10 days. This process is called “hardening off” and helps to reduce transplant shock.
• Planting: Dig a hole slightly larger than the seedling’s root ball. Gently remove the seedling from its container, being careful not to damage the roots. Place the seedling in the hole and backfill with soil, ensuring that the top of the root ball is level with the surrounding soil. Water thoroughly.

4. Ongoing Care:

• Watering: Water Garden Angelica regularly, especially during dry periods. Aim to keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. Deep watering, less frequently, is preferable to shallow, frequent watering.
• Fertilizing: Garden Angelica is a heavy feeder. Apply a balanced fertilizer, such as a 10-10-10 formula, in early spring and again in mid-summer. Alternatively, you can use compost tea or a liquid seaweed fertilizer.
• Weeding: Keep the area around the plants free of weeds, which can compete for nutrients and moisture. Mulching with organic materials like wood chips or straw can help suppress weeds and retain soil moisture.
• Pest and Disease Control: Garden Angelica is generally resistant to pests and diseases. However, keep an eye out for common garden pests like aphids, slugs, and snails.
  • Aphids: Can be controlled with a strong spray of water or insecticidal soap.
  • Slugs and Snails: Handpick them or use organic slug and snail baits.
• Preventing Flowering (Optional): If you want to prolong the life of your Garden Angelica plant, you can try to prevent it from flowering. This can be done by removing the flower stalks as they appear. However, this is not always successful, and the plant may still flower and die. Allowing the plant to flower and set seed is the natural course of its lifecycle, and it provides seeds for future propagation.

5. Harvesting:

• Leaves: Harvest leaves throughout the growing season as needed. Use fresh or dry them for later use.
• Stems: Harvest stems for candying in the second year, before the plant flowers. Choose thick, tender stems.
• Roots: Harvest roots in the fall of the second year, after the plant has flowered and set seed (or in the first year if the plant is not expected to survive the winter). Dig carefully around the plant to avoid damaging the roots. Wash and dry the roots thoroughly.
• Seeds: Collect seeds after the flower heads have dried and turned brown. Cut the flower heads and place them in a paper bag to dry completely. Once dry, shake the bag to release the seeds.

6. Propagation:

• Seed: Garden angelica is best propagated by seeds. Follow instructions on the seed stratification.
• Division: Although not as common as it’s best propogated by seeds, it’s possible to do so, although it’s not as reliable as seed propagation. Divide the root crown in early spring or fall, ensuring that each division has at least one growth bud.

Detailed Harvesting and Preserving Techniques

The harvest and preservation of each of the plant parts need separate consideration.

Harvesting and Preserving Garden Angelica Leaves:

• Timing: Harvest leaves throughout the growing season, preferably before the plant flowers. Younger leaves tend to have a milder flavor.
• Method: Simply snip off the leaves with scissors or pruning shears.
• Drying:
  • Air Drying: Tie small bunches of leaves together and hang them upside down in a well-ventilated, dark, and dry area.
  • Dehydrator: Use a food dehydrator set to a low temperature (around 95-115°F or 35-46°C).
  • Oven Drying: Spread the leaves on a baking sheet and dry them in an oven set to the lowest temperature, with the door slightly ajar.
• Storage: Once the leaves are completely dry and brittle, store them in airtight containers in a cool, dark, and dry place.

Harvesting and Preserving Garden Angelica Stems (for Candying):

• Timing: Harvest stems in the second year, before the plant flowers. Choose thick, tender stems that are not hollow.
• Method: Cut the stems close to the ground.
• Candying Process (Simplified):
  1. Blanching: Blanch the stems in boiling water for a few minutes to soften them.
  2. Peeling: Peel off the outer layer of the stems.
  3. Simmering: Simmer the stems in a sugar syrup (a mixture of sugar and water) until they become translucent. This process may take several hours or even multiple sessions, gradually increasing the sugar concentration.
  4. Drying: Dry the candied stems on a wire rack until they are no longer sticky.
  5. Storage: Store the candied angelica in an airtight container.

Harvesting and Preserving Garden Angelica Roots:

• Timing: Harvest roots in the fall of the second year, after the plant has flowered and set seed (or in the first year if the plant is not expected to survive the winter).
• Method: Carefully dig around the plant with a garden fork, being careful not to damage the roots. Lift the plant from the ground.
• Cleaning: Wash the roots thoroughly to remove any soil. Remove any small rootlets.
• Drying:
  • Slicing: Slice the roots into smaller pieces to facilitate drying.
  • Air Drying: Spread the sliced roots on a screen or drying rack in a well-ventilated, dark, and dry area.
  • Dehydrator: Use a food dehydrator set to a low temperature (around 95-115°F or 35-46°C).
• Storage: Once the roots are completely dry and brittle, store them in airtight containers in a cool, dark, and dry place.

Harvesting and Preserving Garden Angelica Seeds:

• Timing: Collect seeds after the flower heads have dried and turned brown. This typically occurs in late summer or early fall.
• Method: Cut the flower heads and place them in a paper bag.
• Drying: Hang the paper bag in a well-ventilated area to allow the flower heads to dry completely.
• Separating Seeds: Once the flower heads are dry, shake the bag vigorously to release the seeds. Remove any remaining plant debris.
• Storage: Store the seeds in an airtight container in a cool, dark, and dry place.

Potential Side Effects and Precautions

• Photosensitivity: Garden Angelica contains furanocoumarins, which can cause photosensitivity (increased sensitivity to sunlight) in some individuals. If you experience skin irritation or a rash after handling the plant, wear gloves and long sleeves when working with it, and avoid prolonged sun exposure after contact.
• Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Garden Angelica is not recommended for use during pregnancy or breastfeeding due to its potential to stimulate uterine contractions.
• Interactions with Medications: Garden Angelica may interact with certain medications, including blood thinners and diuretics. Consult with a healthcare professional before using Garden Angelica if you are taking any medications.
• Allergic Reactions: Some individuals may be allergic to Garden Angelica. If you experience any allergic symptoms, such as itching, swelling, or difficulty breathing, discontinue use and seek medical attention.
• Dosage: Follow the instructions with products made from garden angelica.

Companion Planting with Garden Angelica

Garden Angelica can be a valuable addition to a companion planting scheme, attracting beneficial insects and potentially deterring certain pests.

• Beneficial Insects: The large umbels of Garden Angelica flowers are highly attractive to pollinators, such as bees, hoverflies, and parasitic wasps. These insects can help to pollinate other plants in your garden and control pest populations.
• Potential Pest Deterrent: The strong aroma of Garden Angelica may deter some pests, such as aphids and cabbage moths. However, more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness as a pest repellent.
• Good Companions: Garden Angelica is generally considered a good companion for most vegetables and herbs. It is often planted near brassicas (cabbage, broccoli, kale), as it may help to deter cabbage moths. It can also be grown near other herbs, such as rosemary, thyme, and sage.
• Avoid Planting Near: There are no specific plants that are known to be incompatible with Garden Angelica. However, due to its large size, it’s best to avoid planting it near smaller plants that might be overshadowed.

Choosing and Buying Garden Angelica

When sourcing Garden Angelica, you have several options:

• Seeds: Purchasing seeds is the most economical option and allows you to control the entire growing process. Look for seeds from reputable seed companies that specialize in herbs or heirloom varieties. Gardencenterpoint.com can help locate suppliers who ship.
• Plants: Buying established plants is a convenient option if you want to skip the seed-starting process. Look for healthy plants with strong stems and vibrant green leaves. Local nurseries and garden centers are good places to find Garden Angelica plants, and Gardencenterpoint.com lists many of these.
• Online Retailers: Many online retailers specialize in selling herb seeds and plants. Gardencenterpoint.com provides a directory of these, making it easy to compare prices and find the best deals. Be sure to check customer reviews and the retailer’s reputation before making a purchase.
• Root & Essential Oil products: Many online retailers are selling products made from garden angelica.

Troubleshooting Common Problems

• Poor Germination: If your Garden Angelica seeds fail to germinate, it may be due to several factors:
  • Old Seeds: Seeds may have lost their viability. Use fresh seeds whenever possible.
  • Lack of Cold Stratification: Ensure that the seeds have been properly cold stratified.
  • Incorrect Sowing Depth: Sow the seeds shallowly, about 1/4 inch deep.
  • Inconsistent Moisture: Keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged.
• Yellowing Leaves: Yellowing leaves can indicate several issues:
  • Overwatering: Allow the soil to dry out slightly between waterings.
  • Nutrient Deficiency: Fertilize the plants with a balanced fertilizer.
  • Pest Infestation: Inspect the plants for pests, such as aphids.
• Wilting: Wilting can be caused by:
  • Underwatering: Water the plants deeply.
  • Root Rot: Ensure that the soil is well-drained.
  • Heat Stress: Provide shade during the hottest part of the day.
• Leggy Growth: Leggy, weak growth often results from insufficient light. Ensure the plants are receiving at least 4-6 hours of sunlight (or supplemental grow light) per day.

Garden Angelica vs. Other Angelica Species

There are other species of Angelica, and it’s important to distinguish between them, especially if using them for medicinal purposes:

• Angelica sinensis (Dong Quai): This species is commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, particularly for women’s health. It’s important not to confuse it with Angelica archangelica, as they have different properties and uses.
• Angelica sylvestris (Wild Angelica): This species is native to Europe and Asia and is often found in woodlands and meadows. It’s generally considered less potent than Angelica archangelica for medicinal purposes.
• Other Edible plants that look similar:
  • Heracleum maximum or Cow Parsnip.
  • Conium maculatum or Poison Hemlock.
  • Cicuta maculata or Water Hemlock.

Always be 100% certain of your plant identification before consuming any part of it.

Garden Angelica is a truly remarkable plant, offering a unique combination of beauty, history, and utility. Whether you’re drawn to its medicinal properties, its culinary applications, or its striking presence in the garden, it’s a rewarding plant to cultivate. By following the guidelines outlined in this comprehensive guide, you can successfully grow and enjoy the many benefits of Garden Angelica. Gardencenterpoint.com is your trusted resource for all things gardening, providing you with the information and connections you need to thrive.