Southern Wax Myrtle (Myrica cerifera)

Southern Wax Myrtle, scientifically known as Morella cerifera, and commonly called Bayberry, Candleberry, or Tallow Shrub, is a versatile and resilient evergreen shrub or small tree. This adaptable plant offers year-round interest and a multitude of benefits for your landscape and even your home.

This guide will provide you with everything you need to know about this remarkable plant, including planting, care, propagation, uses, and potential challenges. We’ll delve into its unique characteristics, helping you determine if it’s the right choice for your garden and where to buy healthy specimens. Continue reading to unlock the many secrets of this beneficial and easy-to-grow plant!

Understanding the Southern Wax Myrtle: Botany, History, and Uses

The Southern Wax Myrtle (Morella cerifera) is more than just a pretty shrub; it’s a plant steeped in history and brimming with practical uses. Native to the southeastern United States, extending from New Jersey down to Florida and west to Texas, it thrives in a variety of conditions, making it a popular choice for gardeners in USDA hardiness zones 7 through 11. Its adaptability also extends to coastal regions, displaying remarkable tolerance to salt spray and sandy soils.

Common name	Southern Wax Myrtle, Bayberry, Candleberry, Tallow Shrub
Botanical name	Morella cerifera
Family	Myricaceae
Genus	Morella
Species	cerifera
Origin	Southeastern United States
Native	USA
Life cycle	Perennial
Plant type	Shrub/Small Tree
Hardiness zone	7, 8, 9, 10, 11
Sunlight	Full Sun, Partial Shade
Maintenance	Low
Water	Moderate, Drought-Tolerant when established
Drainage	Well-Drained
Soil pH	Acidic, Neutral, Slightly Alkaline (5.5 to 7.5)
Spacing	8-10 ft.
Flowering period	Spring
Height	10-20 ft. (potentially larger)
Width	8-10 ft.
Growth rate	Moderate to Fast (1-2 ft. per year)
Flower color	Greenish-Yellow (Inconspicuous)
Berry color	Grayish-Blue
Foliage color	Olive-Green
Foliage	Evergreen, Aromatic
Stem color	Gray
Flower benefit	Attracts pollinators (though flowers are not showy)
Berry benefit	Food source for birds, wax source
Garden style	Coastal, Naturalistic, Wildlife Garden, Hedge/Screen
Uses	Hedge, Screen, Erosion Control, Wildlife Habitat, Ornamental, Wax source
Salt tolerance	High
Deer resistance	Generally Resistant
Propagation methods	Seed, Cuttings, Layering, Division
Invasive potential	Aggressive within native range, potentially invasive outside native range (but not typically classified as a major invasive species).

Botanical Classification and Characteristics:

• Family: Myricaceae (Bayberry Family)
• Genus: Morella
• Species: cerifera
• Growth Habit: Typically a multi-stemmed shrub or small tree, reaching heights of 10-20 feet and widths of 8-10 feet, although some specimens can grow larger.
• Foliage: Evergreen, with glossy, olive-green leaves that release a pleasant, spicy fragrance when crushed. The leaves are lanceolate (lance-shaped) and typically 2-4 inches long.
• Flowers: Inconspicuous, greenish-yellow catkins that appear in spring. Male and female flowers are usually borne on separate plants (dioecious).
• Fruit: Small, waxy, grayish-blue berries (drupes) that appear in fall and persist through winter. These berries are a crucial food source for many bird species.
• Bark: Smooth, gray bark that becomes slightly furrowed with age.

A History of Practicality:

The Southern Wax Myrtle has a long history of use by Native Americans and early settlers. The most notable use is the extraction of wax from the berries. This wax, known as bayberry wax, was traditionally used to make candles, which burned with a clean, aromatic flame. The process involved boiling the berries and skimming the wax that floated to the surface. A significant amount of berries is needed, requiring approximately 15 pounds of the fruit to manufacture a single pound of wax.

Beyond candlemaking, Native American tribes utilized various parts of the plant for medicinal purposes. The leaves and roots were used to treat ailments such as fevers, diarrhea, and even as an insect repellent.

Modern Uses and Benefits:

Today, Southern Wax Myrtle continues to be valued for its:

• Ornamental Appeal: Its evergreen foliage, fragrant leaves, and attractive berries make it a beautiful addition to any landscape.
• Wildlife Value: The berries provide essential food for birds, particularly during the winter months. Species such as Tree Swallows, Catbirds, and various warblers rely on these berries.
• Erosion Control: Its extensive root system helps stabilize soil, making it useful for erosion control on slopes and coastal areas.
• Hedgerows and Screens: Its dense growth habit makes it an excellent choice for creating natural privacy screens or windbreaks.
• Fragrance: The aromatic leaves can be used in potpourris and other fragrant crafts.
• Bayberry Wax: Although less common than in the past, bayberry wax is still used in some candles and specialty products.

The versatility of the Southern Wax Myrtle, coupled with its ease of care, makes it a valuable and sustainable choice for gardeners seeking beauty, functionality, and a connection to history.

Planting and Establishing Your Southern Wax Myrtle

Successfully growing a Southern Wax Myrtle begins with proper planting and establishment. This section provides a step-by-step guide to ensure your plant thrives from the start.

Choosing the Right Location:

• Sunlight: Southern Wax Myrtles prefer full sun (at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day) but can tolerate partial shade. However, plants grown in shade may have a looser growth habit and produce fewer berries.
• Soil: They are adaptable to a wide range of soil types, including sandy, loamy, and clay soils. However, they prefer well-drained soil. Avoid planting in areas with consistently wet or waterlogged soil.
• Soil pH: They tolerate a broad pH range, from acidic to slightly alkaline (pH 5.5 to 7.5). A soil test can help determine your soil’s pH and whether any amendments are needed. Gardencenterpoint recommends performing a soil test before planting any new additions to your garden.
• Space: Consider the mature size of the plant (10-20 feet tall and 8-10 feet wide) when selecting a location. Ensure there is enough space for the plant to grow without overcrowding other plants or structures.

Planting Time:

• The best time to plant Southern Wax Myrtle is in the fall or early spring. This allows the plant to establish its roots before the extremes of summer heat or winter cold.
• In milder climates, container-grown plants can be planted year-round, provided they are watered regularly.

Planting Steps:

1. Dig the Hole: Dig a hole that is twice as wide as the root ball and just as deep. This provides ample space for the roots to spread.
2. Amend the Soil (if necessary): If your soil is heavy clay or very sandy, amend it with compost or other organic matter to improve drainage and fertility.
3. Remove the Plant from the Container: Carefully remove the plant from its container, being mindful not to damage the roots. Gently loosen any circling roots at the bottom of the root ball.
4. Position the Plant: Place the plant in the center of the hole, ensuring that the top of the root ball is level with or slightly above the surrounding soil surface.
5. Backfill the Hole: Fill the hole with the amended soil, gently firming it around the root ball to eliminate air pockets.
6. Water Thoroughly: Water the newly planted shrub deeply to settle the soil and hydrate the roots.
7. Mulch: Apply a 2-3 inch layer of organic mulch (such as pine straw, shredded bark, or wood chips) around the base of the plant, keeping it a few inches away from the stem. Mulch helps conserve moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature.

Initial Care:

• Watering: Water regularly during the first growing season to help the plant establish a strong root system. Aim for about 1 inch of water per week, either from rainfall or irrigation.
• Fertilizing: Southern Wax Myrtles are generally low-maintenance and do not require heavy fertilization. However, a light application of a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in early spring can promote healthy growth. Avoid over-fertilizing, as this can lead to excessive growth and reduced berry production.
• Pruning Not necessary, but you can prune at the end of winter or start of spring to give shape to the plant.

By following these planting and establishment guidelines, you’ll provide your Southern Wax Myrtle with the best possible start, setting the stage for years of healthy growth and enjoyment.

Ongoing Care and Maintenance of Southern Wax Myrtle

Once established, Southern Wax Myrtles are relatively low-maintenance plants. However, some ongoing care is necessary to keep them healthy and thriving.

Watering:

• Established plants are drought-tolerant, but they will perform best with regular watering, especially during prolonged dry periods.
• Water deeply and less frequently, rather than shallowly and more often. This encourages deep root growth, which makes the plant more resilient to drought.
• Monitor the soil moisture by checking the top few inches. If the soil feels dry to the touch, it’s time to water.

Fertilizing:

• As mentioned earlier, Southern Wax Myrtles do not require heavy fertilization.
• A light application of a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in early spring is usually sufficient.
• Alternatively, you can top-dress the soil around the plant with compost or other organic matter each year.
• Avoid over-fertilizing, as this can lead to excessive growth, reduced berry production, and increased susceptibility to pests and diseases.

Pruning:

• Southern Wax Myrtles generally require minimal pruning.
• The best time to prune is in late winter or early spring, before new growth begins.
• Remove any dead, damaged, or diseased branches.
• You can also prune to shape the plant or control its size. Southern Wax Myrtles can be pruned into hedges or screens.
• Avoid heavy pruning, as this can reduce berry production.
• When you make the pruning, ensure to use tools in good conditions and disinfected.

Pest and Disease Management:

• Southern Wax Myrtles are relatively resistant to pests and diseases.
• However, they can occasionally be affected by common pests such as spider mites, scale insects, and aphids.
• Regularly inspect your plants for signs of pests or diseases.
• If you notice any problems, take action promptly. Many pest problems can be controlled with insecticidal soap or horticultural oil.
• Diseases are rare, but fungal leaf spots can sometimes occur. Good air circulation and avoiding overhead watering can help prevent these problems.

Winter Care:

• Southern Wax Myrtles are hardy in USDA zones 7-11.
• In colder regions, they may experience some dieback during harsh winters, but they usually recover quickly in the spring.
• Mulching around the base of the plant can help protect the roots from freezing temperatures.
• In areas with heavy snow, you may want to gently brush snow off the branches to prevent breakage.

By following these simple care and maintenance guidelines, you can ensure that your Southern Wax Myrtle remains healthy, attractive, and productive for many years to come.

Propagating Southern Wax Myrtle

If you’re captivated by the Southern Wax Myrtle and want to expand your collection or share it with others, propagation is a rewarding endeavor. Several methods can be used, each with its own advantages.

1. Seed Propagation:

• Collecting Seeds: Collect ripe berries in the fall or winter. The berries should be grayish-blue and waxy.
• Seed Stratification: Southern Wax Myrtle seeds require a period of cold stratification to break dormancy. This mimics the natural winter conditions they experience outdoors.
  • Mix the seeds with moist peat moss or sand.
  • Place the mixture in a sealed plastic bag or container.
  • Refrigerate for 3-4 months (90-120 days) at a temperature of around 40°F (4°C).
• Sowing Seeds: After stratification, sow the seeds in a seed-starting mix.
  • Lightly cover the seeds with the mix.
  • Keep the mix moist but not waterlogged.
  • Provide warmth (around 70-75°F / 21-24°C) and bright, indirect light.
• Germination: Germination can be slow and erratic, sometimes taking several weeks or even months.
• Transplanting: Once the seedlings have developed a few sets of true leaves, they can be transplanted into individual pots.

2. Stem Cuttings:

• Timing: Take softwood cuttings in late spring or early summer, or semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer or early fall.
• Selecting Cuttings: Choose healthy, non-flowering stems that are 4-6 inches long.
• Preparing Cuttings:
  • Remove the leaves from the lower third of the cutting.
  • Dip the cut end in rooting hormone powder (optional, but can increase success rates).
• Planting Cuttings:
  • Insert the cuttings into a well-draining rooting medium, such as a mix of perlite and peat moss.
  • Keep the medium moist but not waterlogged.
  • Enclose the cuttings in a plastic bag or humidity dome to maintain high humidity.
• Rooting: Cuttings typically root within 4-8 weeks. You can gently tug on the cuttings to check for resistance, which indicates root development.
• Transplanting: Once the cuttings have rooted, they can be transplanted into individual pots.

3. Layering:

• Simple Layering: This method is best done in spring or early summer.
  • Select a low-lying, flexible branch.
  • Bend the branch down to the ground.
  • Make a small wound or notch on the underside of the branch where it touches the soil.
  • Bury the wounded portion of the branch in the soil, securing it with a landscape staple or rock.
  • Keep the soil moist.
• Rooting: Roots will typically develop at the wounded area within a few months to a year.
• Separation: Once the new plant has developed a good root system, it can be severed from the parent plant and transplanted.

4. Division:

• Though less common, it is possible to divide. It is recommended to make the division during spring or the start of fall.

Each propagation method has its own advantages. Seed propagation is a good option for producing a large number of plants, but it can be slow and unpredictable. Stem cuttings are a faster and more reliable method, while layering is a simple technique for propagating a few plants. Choose the method that best suits your needs and resources.

Southern Wax Myrtle vs. Wax Myrtle: Clearing Up the Confusion

The terms “Southern Wax Myrtle” and “Wax Myrtle” are often used interchangeably, leading to some confusion. While they are closely related, there are some key distinctions to be aware of.

The Short Answer:

“Wax Myrtle” is a general term that can refer to several species within the Morella genus (formerly Myrica). “Southern Wax Myrtle” specifically refers to Morella cerifera, the most common and widely cultivated species.

Detailed Comparison:

Feature	Southern Wax Myrtle (Morella cerifera)	Other “Wax Myrtles” (e.g., Morella caroliniensis, Morella pensylvanica)
Native Range	Southeastern US	Varies depending on species; some are native to other parts of North America
Hardiness Zone	7-11	Varies depending on species; some are more cold-hardy
Size	Typically 10-20 feet tall	Varies depending on species; some are smaller or larger
Leaf Size	2-4 inches long	Varies depending on species
Berry Wax	High wax content	May have lower wax content
Salt Tolerance	High	Varies depending on species

Key Species to Know:

• Morella cerifera (Southern Wax Myrtle): The focus of this article. It’s the most common species found in the southeastern US and is known for its high wax content, salt tolerance, and adaptability.
• Morella caroliniensis (Carolina Wax Myrtle/Northern Bayberry): The current accepted name according to USDA is Morella caroliniensis. Formerly known as Myrica heterophylla, found that both species intergrade over a wide range of eastern North America, from Nova Scotia to Florida and westward along the Gulf Coast.
• Morella pensylvanica (Northern Bayberry): Is native to eastern North America, from Newfoundland south to North Carolina. Is more cold-hardy than Morella cerifera, typically thriving in zones 4-7. Is found to intergrade over a wide range of eastern North America, so Morella caroliniensis became the accepted name.

Why the Confusion?

The confusion arises because:

• Taxonomic Changes: The genus Morella was previously classified as Myrica. This change has led to some lingering use of the older name.
• Common Names: The common name “Wax Myrtle” is often used generically, without specifying the species.
• Hybridization: There might be hybrid species of Morella.

Practical Implications:

When purchasing a plant, it’s essential to know the specific species you’re getting. If you’re looking for the characteristics described in this article (high wax content, salt tolerance, southeastern US native), ensure you’re purchasing Morella cerifera (Southern Wax Myrtle).

At Gardencenterpoint, we encourage you to ask nurseries and garden centers for the specific botanical name to avoid any confusion. This ensures you’re getting the plant that best suits your needs and growing conditions.

Addressing the “Southern Wax Myrtle Invasive” Concern

The question of whether Southern Wax Myrtle is invasive is a valid one, and the answer is nuanced. It’s crucial to understand the difference between “aggressive” and “invasive” and to consider the specific context.

Aggressive vs. Invasive:

• Aggressive: A plant that spreads rapidly and can outcompete other plants in its native range. This is often a natural adaptation and doesn’t necessarily make the plant harmful.
• Invasive: A plant that is non-native to a particular ecosystem and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.

Southern Wax Myrtle’s Status:

• Native Range: Southern Wax Myrtle is native to the southeastern United States. Within its native range, it is generally considered aggressive rather than invasive. It spreads readily by suckering (sending up new shoots from its roots) and by seed dispersal.
• Non-Native Areas: In areas outside its native range, Southern Wax Myrtle has the potential to become invasive. However, it is not currently listed as a major invasive species in most regions. The USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) has not classified the plant as invasive.
• Ecological Role: Within its native range, Southern Wax Myrtle plays a valuable ecological role. It provides food and shelter for wildlife, helps stabilize soil, and is a natural part of the ecosystem.

Managing Aggressive Growth:

If you’re concerned about the aggressive spread of Southern Wax Myrtle in your garden (within its native range), there are several ways to manage it:

• Regular Pruning: Prune suckers (new shoots arising from the roots) regularly to prevent unwanted spread.
• Root Barriers: Install root barriers (such as plastic or metal edging) around the plant to contain its root system.
• Container Planting: Grow Southern Wax Myrtle in containers to restrict its growth.
• Choose Male Plants: If you’re concerned about seed dispersal, consider planting only male plants (which don’t produce berries). However, this will eliminate the benefits of providing food for birds.
• Remove Seedlings: If the plant self-sows in unwanted areas, remove the seedlings promptly.

Responsible Gardening:

It’s always essential to practice responsible gardening, regardless of the plant species. This includes:

• Researching plants before planting: Understand their growth habits and potential for spread.
• Choosing native plants whenever possible: Native plants are adapted to the local environment and are less likely to become invasive.
• Monitoring your garden regularly: Take action promptly if you notice any plants spreading aggressively.
• Disposing of plant material properly: Don’t compost invasive plants or allow them to spread to natural areas.

In summary, Southern Wax Myrtle is generally considered aggressive within its native range but not typically invasive. By understanding its growth habits and taking appropriate management steps, you can enjoy its benefits without causing ecological harm. If you are outside its native range, carefully consider the potential for invasiveness before planting.

Landscaping with Southern Wax Myrtle: Design Ideas and Companion Plants

Southern Wax Myrtle’s versatility makes it a valuable asset in various landscape designs. Its evergreen foliage, fragrant leaves, and attractive berries provide year-round interest, while its adaptability to different conditions makes it suitable for a wide range of settings.

Design Ideas:

• Hedges and Screens: Southern Wax Myrtle’s dense growth habit makes it an excellent choice for creating natural privacy screens or windbreaks. Plant them in a row, spacing them appropriately (6-8 feet apart) to allow for mature growth. Regular pruning can maintain the desired shape and density.
• Foundation Plantings: Its moderate size and tolerance of pruning make it suitable for foundation plantings around homes and buildings.
• Wildlife Gardens: The berries attract a variety of birds, making it a valuable addition to wildlife gardens. Plant it near bird feeders or bird baths to create a welcoming habitat.
• Coastal Gardens: Its high salt tolerance makes it an ideal choice for coastal landscapes. It can withstand salt spray and sandy soils, providing a beautiful and resilient option for seaside gardens.
• Naturalized Areas: Its ability to spread naturally makes it suitable for naturalized areas or woodland gardens. Allow it to grow freely, forming a natural thicket.
• Mixed Borders: Combine Southern Wax Myrtle with other shrubs and perennials to create a diverse and visually appealing mixed border.
• Specimen Plant: A well-grown Southern Wax Myrtle can also be used as a specimen plant, showcasing its attractive form and foliage.

Companion Plants:

When choosing companion plants for Southern Wax Myrtle, consider plants with similar growing requirements (sunlight, soil, and water). Here are some suggestions:

• Other Native Shrubs:
  • Yaupon Holly (Ilex vomitoria)
  • Inkberry Holly (Ilex glabra)
  • American Beautyberry (Callicarpa americana)
  • Oakleaf Hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia)
• Perennials:
  • Black-Eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta)
  • Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea)
  • Goldenrod (Solidago spp.)
  • Bluestem Grasses (Andropogon spp., Schizachyrium spp.)
  • Coral Bells (Heuchera spp.)
• Trees:
  • Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana)
  • Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda)
  • Live Oak (Quercus virginiana)

Design Considerations:

• Color and Texture: Combine Southern Wax Myrtle with plants that offer contrasting colors and textures. For example, pair it with plants that have colorful flowers or foliage, or plants with different leaf shapes.
• Bloom Time: Consider the bloom time of companion plants to create a sequence of blooms throughout the growing season.
• Height and Spread: Choose plants that are appropriately sized for the space and won’t overcrowd the Southern Wax Myrtle.
• Wildlife Value: Select plants that also provide food or shelter for wildlife, creating a diverse and thriving ecosystem.

By carefully considering these design ideas and companion plant suggestions, you can create a beautiful and functional landscape that incorporates the many benefits of Southern Wax Myrtle.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Southern Wax Myrtle

This section addresses common questions about Southern Wax Myrtle, providing concise and helpful answers.

Q: Is Southern Wax Myrtle deer-resistant?

A: Southern Wax Myrtle is generally considered deer-resistant, meaning deer are less likely to browse on it compared to other plants. However, no plant is completely deer-proof, and deer may nibble on Southern Wax Myrtle if other food sources are scarce.

Q: How fast does Southern Wax Myrtle grow?

A: Southern Wax Myrtle has a moderate to fast growth rate, typically growing 1-2 feet per year under favorable conditions.

Q: Can Southern Wax Myrtle be grown in containers?

A: Yes, Southern Wax Myrtle can be grown in containers. Choose a large container with good drainage, and use a high-quality potting mix. Container-grown plants will require more frequent watering than those planted in the ground.

Q: Does Southern Wax Myrtle need full sun?

A: Southern Wax Myrtle prefers full sun (at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day) but can tolerate partial shade. However, plants grown in shade may have a looser growth habit and produce fewer berries.

Q: What is the best time to prune Southern Wax Myrtle?

A: The best time to prune Southern Wax Myrtle is in late winter or early spring, before new growth begins.

Q: Are the berries of Southern Wax Myrtle edible?

A: The berries are not typically consumed by humans due to their waxy texture and bitter taste. They are primarily a food source for birds.

Q: How do I extract wax from Southern Wax Myrtle berries?

A: The traditional method involves boiling the berries in water and skimming the wax that floats to the surface. This process requires a significant amount of berries.

Q: Can Southern Wax Myrtle tolerate wet soil?

A: Southern Wax Myrtle prefers well-drained soil and does not tolerate consistently wet or waterlogged conditions. Prolonged exposure to wet soil can lead to root rot.

Q: What is the difference between Southern Wax Myrtle and Northern Bayberry?

A: Southern Wax Myrtle (Morella cerifera) is native to the southeastern US and is less cold-hardy than Northern Bayberry (Morella caroliniensis). Northern Bayberry is native to eastern North America is more cold-hardy.

Q: Where can I buy Southern Wax Myrtle plants?

A: Southern Wax Myrtle plants are widely available at nurseries and garden centers, especially in the southeastern US. Gardencenterpoint.com can help you find local nurseries that carry this plant. Check with your local nurseries or use online plant finders to locate sources near you.