American Hazelnut Filbert Tree (Corylus americana)

The American Hazelnut Filbert Tree, also commonly called the American hazelnut or American filbert, and scientifically known as Corylus americana, is a fantastic addition to any landscape, providing both beauty and a delicious, sustainable food source. This native North American shrub offers a resilient and adaptable option for gardeners of all skill levels.

At Gardencenterpoint.com, we believe in empowering growers with the knowledge and resources they need to succeed. We provide access to find the perfect Corylus americana, ready for planting or even buying American hazelnut seeds.

What is American Hazelnut Filbert Tree:

The American Hazelnut Filbert Tree (Corylus americana) is a multi-stemmed, deciduous shrub native to eastern and central North America. It’s prized for its tasty nuts, attractive foliage, and wildlife value. Unlike its European cousin (Corylus avellana), the American hazelnut is generally more resistant to Eastern Filbert Blight (EFB), a fungal disease that can severely impact hazelnut production. This makes it a more reliable choice for many North American growers. This plant also has root attributes, rare attributes, and unique characteristics.

This guide will delve into every aspect of growing American Hazelnut Filbert Trees, from selecting the right cultivars to harvesting and enjoying your bountiful crop. We’ll cover topics such as pollination, soil preferences, pruning techniques, pest and disease management, and even explore some delicious ways to use your hazelnuts.

Common name	American Hazelnut, American Filbert
Botanical name	Corylus americana
Family	Betulaceae
Genus	Corylus
Species	americana
Origin	Eastern and Central North America
Life cycle	Perennial
Plant type	Deciduous Shrub
Hardiness zone	4-9 (some cultivars may vary)
Sunlight	Full Sun (at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day)
Maintenance	Moderate
Water	Moderate (regular watering, especially during establishment and dry periods)
Drainage	Well-Drained
Spacing	15-20 feet apart
Flowering period	Late Winter / Early Spring (male catkins), followed by female flowers
Nut Maturity	Late Summer / Early Fall
Height	8-15 feet (can reach 20 feet)
Width	8-15 feet
Growth rate	Moderate
Flower color	Male
Stem color	Brownish-gray
Nut benefit	Edible, nutritious nuts; wildlife food source
Garden style	Woodland Garden, Edible Landscape, Wildlife Garden, Naturalized Planting
Uses	Nut production, wildlife habitat, ornamental shrub, erosion control, hedgerows
Soil pH	Slightly acidic to Neutral(6.0 – 7.0)
Soil Type	Wide Variety of Soil, Sandy to Clay

Before diving into the specifics of cultivation, let’s establish a solid understanding of this remarkable plant.

• Botany and Taxonomy: The American Hazelnut belongs to the Betulaceae family, which also includes birches and alders. It’s a medium-sized shrub, typically growing 8-15 feet tall and wide, though it can sometimes reach heights of 20 feet. The leaves are alternate, simple, and doubly serrated, with a slightly hairy underside.
• Life Cycle: American hazelnuts are monoecious, meaning they have separate male and female flowers on the same plant. The male flowers are long, drooping catkins that release pollen in late winter or early spring. The female flowers are small, inconspicuous, reddish structures that emerge from buds along the branches. Wind carries the pollen from the male catkins to the female flowers, initiating pollination.
• Nut Development: After successful pollination, the female flowers develop into clusters of 1-5 nuts, each enclosed in a leafy husk. The nuts mature in late summer or early fall, turning from green to brown as they ripen.
• Native Range and Habitat: The American hazelnut is native to a wide range of North America, from southern Canada down to Georgia and west to Oklahoma and the Dakotas. It thrives in a variety of habitats, including open woodlands, forest edges, prairies, and along stream banks. It prefers well-drained soil but can tolerate a range of soil types, from sandy to clay.

Choosing the Right Cultivars

Selecting the right cultivars is crucial for successful hazelnut production. Consider these factors:

• Eastern Filbert Blight (EFB) Resistance: As mentioned earlier, EFB resistance is a primary concern. While the American hazelnut is generally more resistant than the European hazelnut, some cultivars are more resistant than others.
  • Highly Resistant Cultivars: ‘Jefferson’, ‘Yamhill’, ‘Theta’, ‘Dorris’, ‘McDonald’, and ‘Wepster’ are some examples of cultivars with excellent EFB resistance. These are often recommended for areas where EFB is prevalent.
  • Moderately Resistant Cultivars: ‘Lewis’, ‘Clark’, ‘Sacajawea’, and ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ exhibit moderate resistance. These might be suitable for areas with lower EFB pressure.
• Pollination Compatibility: Hazelnuts are not self-pollinating; they require cross-pollination with a different cultivar to produce nuts. Therefore, you’ll need to plant at least two different cultivars that are compatible pollinators.
  • Pollination Charts: Consult pollination charts, readily available online and from reputable nurseries (which you can find through Gardencenterpoint.com), to ensure the cultivars you choose will effectively pollinate each other. Oregon State University Extension is an excellent resource for this information.
• Nut Size and Flavor: Different cultivars produce nuts of varying sizes and flavors. Some are known for their large, flavorful kernels, while others are prized for their high yields.
  • ‘Jefferson’: Known for large, high-quality nuts.
  • ‘Yamhill’: Produces medium-sized nuts with excellent flavor.
  • ‘Theta’: A late-blooming cultivar with good EFB resistance.
• Cold Hardiness: If you live in a region with cold winters, choose cultivars that are hardy to your USDA Plant Hardiness Zone. American hazelnuts are generally hardy to Zone 4, but some cultivars are even hardier.
• Growth Habit: Consider the mature size and shape of the cultivars you select, ensuring they’ll fit comfortably in your available space.

Table: Cultivar Comparison

Cultivar	EFB Resistance	Nut Size	Flavor	Pollination Group	Cold Hardiness Zone	Notes
Jefferson	High	Large	Excellent	S-gene 7, 13	4-8	OSU release, industry standard
Yamhill	High	Medium	Excellent	S-gene 3, 15	4-8	High yields, good kernel quality
Theta	High	Medium	Good	S-gene 1, 24	4-8	Late blooming, good for areas with late frost
Lewis	Moderate	Medium	Good	S-gene 2, 8	4-8	Early ripening, good for shorter seasons
Clark	Moderate	Small	Good	S-gene 2, 8	4-8	Early ripening, consistent producer
McDonald	High	Small	Good	S-2, S-8	5-9	Produces high yields and good blanching ability
Wepster	High	Medium	Good	S-15, S-23, S-25, S-30	5-8	A good choice for organic systems
Dorris	High	Large	Good	S-1, S-3	5-9	Large, high-quality nuts, excellent disease resistance.

Planting American Hazelnut Filbert Tree

Proper planting is essential for establishing healthy, productive hazelnut trees.

1. Timing: The best time to plant bare-root hazelnuts is in the late fall or early spring, while the trees are dormant. Container-grown trees can be planted throughout the growing season, but avoid planting during extreme heat or drought.
2. Site Selection: Choose a site that receives full sun (at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day) and has well-drained soil. Avoid areas with poor drainage or standing water, as hazelnuts are susceptible to root rot.
3. Soil Preparation: Amend the soil with compost or other organic matter to improve drainage and fertility. A soil test can help determine the pH and nutrient levels of your soil. Hazelnuts prefer a slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.0-7.0).
4. Spacing: Space trees 15-20 feet apart, depending on the mature size of the cultivars you’ve chosen. Allow enough space for good air circulation, which helps reduce the risk of disease.
5. Planting Procedure:
   • Dig a hole that is twice as wide as the root ball and just as deep.
   • Gently remove the tree from its container (if container-grown) or unwrap the roots (if bare-root).
   • Place the tree in the hole, ensuring that the top of the root ball is level with the surrounding soil.
   • Backfill the hole with the amended soil, tamping it gently to remove air pockets.
   • Water the tree thoroughly after planting.
6. Mulching: Apply a 2-4 inch layer of organic mulch (such as wood chips or shredded bark) around the base of the tree, keeping it a few inches away from the trunk. Mulch helps conserve moisture, suppress weeds, and moderate soil temperature.
7. Watering: Water regularly, especially during the first year after planting, to help the tree establish a strong root system. Provide about 1 inch of water per week, either through rainfall or irrigation.

Caring for American Hazelnut Filbert Tree

Ongoing care is essential for maintaining the health and productivity of your hazelnut trees.

• Watering: Once established, hazelnuts are relatively drought-tolerant, but they will benefit from supplemental watering during extended dry periods, especially when the nuts are developing.
• Fertilizing: Hazelnuts generally don’t require heavy fertilization. A soil test can help determine if your soil is deficient in any essential nutrients. If fertilization is needed, apply a balanced fertilizer in early spring, before new growth begins. Avoid over-fertilizing, as this can lead to excessive vegetative growth and reduced nut production.
• Pruning: Pruning is important for maintaining the shape and size of your hazelnut trees and promoting good air circulation and sunlight penetration.
  • Initial Pruning (First 3 Years): Focus on developing a strong framework of well-spaced branches. Remove any crossing, damaged, or diseased branches.
  • Maintenance Pruning (Years 4+): Prune annually in late winter or early spring, while the trees are dormant. Remove any dead, damaged, or diseased wood, as well as any suckers that arise from the base of the tree. Thin out crowded branches to improve air circulation and sunlight penetration.
  • Rejuvenation Pruning: If your hazelnut trees become overgrown or unproductive, you can perform a more drastic rejuvenation pruning. This involves cutting back the entire tree to within a few feet of the ground. The tree will regrow vigorously, and you can then train the new growth to form a new framework.
• Weed Control: Keep the area around the base of the trees free of weeds, which can compete for water and nutrients. Mulching helps suppress weeds, but you may also need to hand-weed or use herbicides.
• Pest and Disease Management:
  • Eastern Filbert Blight (EFB): As mentioned earlier, EFB is the most serious disease of hazelnuts. Choosing resistant cultivars is the best defense. Monitor your trees regularly for signs of EFB, such as cankers on branches and dieback. If you detect EFB, prune out infected branches, making sure to cut several inches below the visible canker. Dispose of infected branches properly (burn or bury them). Fungicides can help prevent EFB, but they are not a cure.
  • Filbertworm: Filbertworm is a common pest of hazelnuts. The larvae of this moth bore into the nuts, causing them to drop prematurely or become inedible. Monitor your trees for signs of filbertworm infestation, such as small holes in the nuts. Pheromone traps can be used to monitor adult moth activity. Insecticides can be used to control filbertworm, but timing is critical.
  • Aphids, Spider Mites, and Other Pests: Hazelnuts can also be affected by other pests, such as aphids and spider mites. Monitor your trees regularly for signs of these pests. Insecticidal soap or horticultural oil can be used to control minor infestations.
  • Wildlife: Squirrels, birds, and other wildlife can also feed on hazelnuts. Netting or other protective measures may be necessary to protect your crop.

Harvesting and Storing Hazelnuts

The moment you’ve been waiting for! Harvesting your delicious hazelnuts is a rewarding experience.

1. Timing: Hazelnuts typically ripen in late summer or early fall, depending on the cultivar and your location. The nuts are ready to harvest when the husks begin to turn brown and dry, and the nuts start to fall from the tree.
2. Harvesting Methods:
   • Hand-Picking: You can hand-pick the nuts from the tree or collect them from the ground.
   • Shaking: You can gently shake the branches to dislodge the nuts. A tarp placed under the tree can help collect the falling nuts.
   • Mechanical Harvesting: For larger orchards, mechanical harvesters are available.
3. Processing:
   • Husking: Remove the husks from the nuts. This can be done by hand or with a mechanical husker.
   • Drying: Dry the nuts in a well-ventilated area for 2-4 weeks. Spread them out in a single layer on screens or trays. Stir the nuts occasionally to ensure even drying. The nuts are dry when the kernels rattle inside the shells.
4. Storing: Store dried hazelnuts in a cool, dry place in airtight containers. Properly stored hazelnuts can last for several months. For longer storage, you can freeze the nuts.

Health Benefits of Hazelnuts

Hazelnuts are not just delicious; they are also packed with nutrients. They are a good source of:

• Healthy Fats: Hazelnuts are high in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, which are beneficial for heart health.
• Protein: Hazelnuts are a good source of plant-based protein.
• Fiber: Hazelnuts are a good source of dietary fiber, which aids in digestion and helps regulate blood sugar levels.
• Vitamins and Minerals: Hazelnuts are a good source of vitamin E, magnesium, copper, and manganese.
• Antioxidants: Protects cells from damage, reduce inflammation.

Using Your Hazelnuts: From Orchard to Table

The harvest of your American Hazelnut Filbert Tree is just the beginning of a culinary adventure. These versatile nuts offer a range of delicious possibilities, far beyond simple snacking. Let’s explore the many ways you can incorporate your homegrown hazelnuts into your diet, enhancing both flavor and nutrition.

Raw Enjoyment

The simplest way to enjoy hazelnuts is raw, straight from the shell (after proper drying, of course). This allows you to appreciate their natural, slightly sweet, and earthy flavor. Raw hazelnuts make a convenient and healthy snack, providing a boost of energy and essential nutrients. Keep a bowl on your counter for easy access, or pack a small bag for an on-the-go treat.

Roasting

Roasting hazelnuts intensifies their flavor and aroma, creating a richer, more complex taste experience. The heat brings out the natural oils, resulting in a satisfying crunch and a delightful toasty note.

• How to Roast:
  1. Preheat your oven to 350°F (175°C).
  2. Spread the shelled hazelnuts in a single layer on a baking sheet.
  3. Roast for 10-15 minutes, or until the skins begin to crack and the nuts are fragrant and lightly browned. Keep a close eye on them to prevent burning.
  4. Remove from the oven and let cool slightly.
  5. Rub the roasted nuts in a clean kitchen towel to remove the skins (this is optional, but many prefer the taste and texture without the skins).

Culinary Creations

Hazelnuts are incredibly versatile in the kitchen. They can be incorporated into both sweet and savory dishes, adding texture, flavor, and nutritional value.

• Baking: Hazelnuts are a classic addition to baked goods.
  • Cookies: Chopped or ground hazelnuts add a delightful crunch and nutty flavor to cookies. Try adding them to chocolate chip cookies, oatmeal cookies, or shortbread.
  • Cakes: Hazelnut flour or finely ground hazelnuts can be used in cake batters, creating a moist and flavorful cake. Hazelnut-chocolate combinations are particularly popular.
  • Breads: Add chopped hazelnuts to your favorite bread recipes for a nutty twist. They pair well with whole-wheat breads and fruit breads.
  • Muffins and Scones: Enhance your muffins and scones with the addition of chopped hazelnuts.
  • Tarts and Pies: Use hazelnuts in fillings or toppings for tarts and pies. A hazelnut frangipane is a classic and elegant filling.
• Savory Dishes: Don’t limit hazelnuts to just sweet treats. They can also elevate savory dishes.
  • Salads: Toasted and chopped hazelnuts add a satisfying crunch and nutty flavor to salads. They pair well with greens, fruits, and cheeses.
  • Pestos: Replace pine nuts with hazelnuts in your favorite pesto recipe for a unique and flavorful twist.
  • Crusts for Meat and Fish: Finely ground hazelnuts can be used to create a flavorful and crunchy crust for meat and fish.
  • Stuffings: Add chopped hazelnuts to your stuffing recipes for added texture and flavor.
  • Sauces: Hazelnut butter or finely ground hazelnuts can be used to thicken and flavor sauces.
• Confections:
  • Candied Hazelnuts: These are a simple and delicious treat. Toss hazelnuts with sugar and spices, then roast until caramelized.
  • Hazelnut Chocolate Spread: Create your own homemade hazelnut chocolate spread, similar to Nutella, but with a richer, more intense hazelnut flavor.
  • Truffles: Hazelnuts can be incorporated into chocolate truffles, either as a coating or as part of the filling.

Hazelnut Products

Beyond whole hazelnuts, there are several other hazelnut products you can create or purchase.

• Hazelnut Butter: This creamy spread is similar to peanut butter but made with hazelnuts. It’s delicious on toast, crackers, or fruit, and can also be used in baking and sauces.
• Hazelnut Oil: This flavorful oil has a delicate, nutty taste and is perfect for salad dressings, drizzling over vegetables, or adding to baked goods. It’s also a good source of vitamin E.
• Hazelnut Flour: This gluten-free flour is made from finely ground hazelnuts. It adds a rich, nutty flavor and moist texture to baked goods.
• Hazelnut Milk: A plant-based milk alternative, it can have a subtle, naturally sweet and nutty flavor.

Storage Tips for Maximum Freshness

To preserve the quality and flavor of your hazelnuts, proper storage is crucial.

• Shelled Hazelnuts: Store shelled hazelnuts in an airtight container in a cool, dry place. A pantry or cupboard away from direct sunlight and heat is ideal. Properly stored, they can last for several months.
• Freezing: For longer storage, freeze shelled hazelnuts in an airtight container or freezer bag. They can be frozen for up to a year.
• Roasted Hazelnuts: Store roasted hazelnuts in an airtight container at room temperature for up to a week, or in the refrigerator for up to a month.

Recipe Ideas:

• Hazelnut and Cranberry Granola: Combine rolled oats, chopped hazelnuts, dried cranberries, seeds, and spices. Toss with maple syrup and oil, then bake until golden brown.
• Roasted Beet and Hazelnut Salad: Toss roasted beets with mixed greens, crumbled goat cheese, and toasted hazelnuts. Dress with a balsamic vinaigrette.
• Hazelnut-Crusted Salmon: Coat salmon fillets with a mixture of finely ground hazelnuts, breadcrumbs, and herbs. Bake or pan-fry until cooked through.
• Chocolate Hazelnut Cake: Use hazelnut flour and chopped hazelnuts in your favorite chocolate cake recipe for a decadent and flavorful dessert.

Research for Health Benefits:

• A study published in the Journal of Nutrition found that consuming hazelnuts can improve cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease. (Orem, A., et al. “Hazelnut-enriched diet improves cardiovascular risk biomarkers beyond a lipid-lowering effect in hypercholesterolemic subjects.” Journal of Nutrition 143.3 (2013): 277-282.)
• Another study, published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, showed that hazelnuts can help improve blood sugar control in people with type 2 diabetes. (Giugliano, D., et al. “Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial.” Jama 292.12 (2004): 1440-1446.)

Gardencenterpoint.com: Your Resource for Hazelnut Success

At Gardencenterpoint.com, we’re passionate about helping you achieve your gardening goals. We understand that growing American Hazelnut Filbert Trees can seem daunting, but with the right information and resources, it can be a truly rewarding experience. We’re here to serve as a comprehensive hub, connecting you with the best information, tools, and resources for success.

Beyond Hazelnuts: Explore the World of Gardening with Us

Your journey with American Hazelnut Filbert Trees is just the beginning. We invite you to explore the vast world of gardening possibilities available through Gardencenterpoint.com.

• Discover Other Nut Trees: Expand your orchard with other delicious and rewarding nut trees, such as walnuts, pecans, and almonds. Each tree has its own unique requirements and benefits.
• Explore Fruit Trees: Add a variety of fruit trees to your landscape, from classic apples and pears to exotic citrus and figs.
• Dive to the Vegatable world: Grow your fresh vegetable garden to harvest the best and healthiest food.
• Learn About Companion Planting: Discover the art of companion planting, where strategically pairing different plants can benefit their growth and health. For example, planting nitrogen-fixing plants near your hazelnuts can improve soil fertility.
• Master Gardening Techniques: Hone your gardening skills with our in-depth guides on topics such as pruning, grafting, soil improvement, and pest and disease management.
• Read Reviews on Gardening Tools and Equipment: Make informed decisions about the tools and equipment you need for your garden. We provide unbiased reviews of everything from shovels and pruners to tillers and tractors.
• Find Local Nurseries and Garden Centers: We connect you with reputable nurseries and garden centers in your area where you can purchase high-quality plants and supplies.

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Consider joining online gardening forums or local gardening clubs to connect with fellow enthusiasts. Sharing your successes and challenges can be invaluable, and you might even discover new tips and techniques.

Remember, Gardencenterpoint.com is your one-stop resource for all things gardening. Let us help you create the garden of your dreams! We’re here to guide you every step of the way, from selecting the perfect plants to harvesting your bounty. Let’s grow together!