Common Fig (Ficus carica)

The Common Fig Tree, also known by its other common names like fig, and edible fig, or its botanical name Ficus carica, is a remarkable species with a rich history and a bounty of delicious fruit.

At Gardencenterpoint.com, we connect enthusiastic gardeners with the best resources and information to help them. The common fig tree (ficus carica) is relative easy to care. Whether you want to learn “how to grow a fig tree“, discover different “common fig tree varieties“, find the “best fig tree for [your climate],” or even “buy fig tree online,” this guide has you covered.

Common Fig Tree: Botany and History

The common fig tree (Ficus carica) is a deciduous tree or large shrub, typically growing to a height of 10-30 feet, although some specimens can reach 50 feet. It’s native to the Middle East and Western Asia but has been cultivated for thousands of years and is now naturalized in many parts of the world, including North America.

The fig tree is a member of the Moraceae family, which also includes mulberries and breadfruit. A unique characteristic of the fig is its syconium, which is often mistaken for the fruit. The syconium is actually an inverted flower, with the flowers lining the inside of a fleshy, hollow receptacle. This structure is what we commonly recognize and eat as the fig. The tiny, crunchy “seeds” inside the fig are actually the true fruits, called drupelets.

Common name	Common Fig, Edible Fig
Botanical name	Ficus carica
Family	Moraceae
Genus	Ficus
Species	carica
Origin	Middle East and Western Asia
Native	(Naturalized in many areas, including parts of North America)
Life cycle	Perennial
Plant type	Deciduous Tree/Shrub
Hardiness zone	Typically 7-10 (some varieties 6-10 with protection)
Sunlight	Full Sun (at least 6-8 hours per day)
Maintenance	Low to Moderate
Water	Moderate (Drought-tolerant once established)
Drainage	Well-Drained
Spacing	10-20 ft. (depending on variety and pruning)
Fruiting period	Late Summer/Fall (some varieties have a breba crop in spring)
Height	10-30 ft. (can reach 50 ft. in some cases)
Growth rate	Moderate to Fast
Fruit color	Varies by variety (Brown, Purple, Black, Green, Yellow)
Flesh color	Varies by variety (Amber, Red, Pink)
Stem color	Grayish-Brown
Fruit benefit	Edible, Nutritious, Versatile in culinary uses
Garden style	Mediterranean, Edible Landscaping, Orchard, Container
Uses	Fruit Production, Ornamental, Shade, Wildlife Food Source
Additional Notes
Pollination	Common figs are parthenocarpic (self-fruitful); they do not require pollination.
Soil pH	Tolerant of a wide range (6.0-7.8 preferred)
Propagation	Easy by Cuttings
Pest and Disease	Relatively resistant, but susceptible to fig rust, fig mosaic virus, and nematodes in some cases.

Fig cultivation dates back to at least 5000 BCE, with evidence of fig orchards found in ancient Sumerian and Egyptian sites. Figs were highly valued by the Greeks and Romans, and they played a significant role in their mythology and culture. The Romans, in particular, were instrumental in spreading fig cultivation throughout their empire.

The common fig is adapted to warm-temperate and subtropical climates with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. It’s relatively drought-tolerant once established, making it a suitable choice for water-wise gardens.

Pollination and Fruiting

The pollination of fig trees is a fascinating and complex process. There are four main types of fig trees:

• Common Fig (Persistent or Parthenocarpic): This type, the most widely grown, does not require pollination to produce fruit. The fruits develop parthenocarpically, meaning they develop without fertilization. This is the focus of this article.
• Smyrna Fig: This type requires pollination by a specialized wasp called the fig wasp (Blastophaga psenes). The female wasp enters the syconium through a tiny opening called the ostiole to lay her eggs. In the process, she carries pollen from a caprifig (see below) to the female flowers inside the Smyrna fig.
• Caprifig (Wild Fig): Caprifigs are non-edible figs that host the fig wasp. They produce pollen, which is essential for the Smyrna figs.
• San Pedro Fig: This type is intermediate, producing a first crop (breba crop) parthenocarpically, like the common fig, but requiring pollination for the second (main) crop.

A study published in Scientia Horticulturae (Volume 272, 2020, 109514) investigated the impact of different pollination methods on fig fruit quality. The researchers found that while common figs don’t require pollination, the presence of fig wasps (even in common figs) can sometimes influence fruit size and other characteristics, although not always in a predictable way. This highlights the complex interactions within the fig’s unique biology.

Common Fig Tree Varieties

Selecting the ideal fig variety is paramount to your success and satisfaction as a fig grower. It’s not just about picking a name that sounds appealing; it’s about a careful consideration of your specific circumstances and desired outcomes. Gardencenterpoint.com emphasizes making informed choices, so let’s delve into the key factors and some outstanding common fig varieties.

Crucial Factors to Consider:

• Climate and Cold Hardiness: This is arguably the most critical factor. Fig trees thrive in warm climates, but some varieties are significantly more cold-hardy than others. If you live in an area with harsh winters, selecting a variety that can tolerate your lowest temperatures is essential. The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map is an invaluable tool for determining your zone. For instance, ‘Brown Turkey’ and ‘Celeste’ are known for their ability to withstand colder temperatures, often surviving in zones 7 and even 6 with some protection. ‘Black Mission’, on the other hand, prefers the warmer zones 8-10.
• Growing Season Length: The length of your growing season directly impacts which varieties will ripen fruit successfully. If you have a short growing season, early-ripening varieties like ‘Celeste’ are a better choice. Varieties that require a longer season to mature, such as ‘Kadota’, might not produce ripe fruit before the first frost in cooler climates.
• Fruit Size and Flavor Preferences: Figs vary considerably in size, from the small ‘Violette de Bordeaux’ to the larger ‘Brown Turkey’ and ‘Black Mission’. Flavor profiles also range widely, from the intensely sweet, honey-like taste of ‘Peter’s Honey’ to the rich, berry-like flavor of ‘Black Mission’. Consider what you intend to use the figs for – fresh eating, drying, canning, or preserving – as this may influence your choice.
• Disease Resistance: Some fig varieties are more resistant to common diseases like fig rust. ‘LSU Purple’, developed by Louisiana State University, is particularly notable for its disease resistance, making it a good option for humid climates where fungal diseases are prevalent.
• Tree Size and Growth Habit: Fig trees can range from compact, bush-like forms to larger, more spreading trees. Consider the available space in your garden and whether you prefer a tree that’s easy to manage or one that provides ample shade. Pruning can help control size, but the natural growth habit of the variety is still a factor.
• Breba Crop vs Main Crop: Some fig varieties are known to have better Breba Crop. Breba crop is the first crop that grows on previous year wood. Main crop is the second crop that grow on current year wood.

Outstanding Common Fig Varieties (Detailed Descriptions):

• Brown Turkey: A true workhorse of the fig world, ‘Brown Turkey’ is exceptionally adaptable and reliable. It produces medium to large figs with a brownish-purple skin and amber-colored flesh. The flavor is sweet and pleasant, making it versatile for fresh eating, drying, or preserves. Its high cold hardiness and ability to produce two crops (a smaller breba crop and a larger main crop) make it a favorite for many gardeners. It’s a forgiving variety, even for beginners.
• Black Mission: This California classic is renowned for its large, purplish-black figs with a striking strawberry-red flesh. The flavor is rich and complex, often described as having berry notes. ‘Black Mission’ is a vigorous grower and produces a heavy main crop. While it’s less cold-hardy than ‘Brown Turkey’, it thrives in warm climates and produces exceptional quality fruit.
• Celeste: If you live in a cooler climate or have a short growing season, ‘Celeste’ is an excellent choice. This variety produces small to medium-sized figs with a light brown to violet skin and sweet, amber flesh. ‘Celeste’ is prized for its exceptional cold hardiness and resistance to fruit splitting, a common problem in humid areas. It’s a reliable producer, even in challenging conditions.
• Kadota: Known for its thick, greenish-yellow skin and amber flesh, ‘Kadota’ is a favorite for canning and drying. The figs are very sweet, with a relatively low seed content, making them ideal for processing. ‘Kadota’ requires a longer growing season to ripen fully, so it’s best suited for warmer climates.
• LSU Purple: Developed by Louisiana State University, this variety stands out for its exceptional disease resistance, particularly to fig rust. It produces medium-sized, purple figs with a light red to amber flesh. The flavor is good, and the tree is well-adapted to humid conditions, making it a great choice for the southeastern United States.
• Peter’s Honey: As the name suggests, ‘Peter’s Honey’ is prized for its incredibly sweet, honey-like flavor. The figs are medium-sized, with a greenish-yellow skin and amber flesh. This variety is a favorite among fig connoisseurs for its exceptional taste.
• Violette de Bordeaux (Negronne): If you’re looking for a fig with exceptional flavor, ‘Violette de Bordeaux’ is a top contender. This small to medium-sized fig has a dark purple-black skin and deep red flesh. The flavor is rich, complex, and often described as one of the best-tasting figs available.

Variety Comparison Table (Expanded):

Variety	Fruit Size	Skin Color	Flesh Color	Cold Hardiness	Flavor	Characteristics
‘Brown Turkey’	Medium-Large	Brownish-Purple	Amber	High	Sweet	Widely adapted, reliable
‘Black Mission’	Large	Purplish-Black	Strawberry-Red	Moderate	Rich	Popular in California
‘Celeste’	Small-Medium	Light Brown/Violet	Amber	High	Sweet	Cold-hardy, resists splitting
‘Kadota’	Medium	Greenish-Yellow	Amber	Moderate	Very Sweet	Good for canning and drying
‘LSU Purple’	Medium	Purple	Light Red	Moderate	Good	Disease-resistant
‘Peter’s Honey’	Medium	Greenish-Yellow	Amber	Moderate	Very Sweet	Honey-like flavor
‘Violette de Bordeaux’	Small-Medium	Dark Purple-Black	Deep Red	Moderate	Excellent	Considered one of the best-tasting

Data Source: University Extension publications (UC Davis, Texas A&M, LSU), reputable nursery catalogs, and grower observations. Updated 2025.

Gardencenterpoint.com recommends consulting with your local extension office or a knowledgeable nursery professional for personalized advice. They can help you assess your specific microclimate and recommend varieties that are most likely to thrive in your area. Don’t hesitate to ask questions and gather as much information as possible before making your final decision. Remember, the perfect fig tree for you is the one that will flourish and provide you with years of delicious harvests.

Planting Your Common Fig Tree

1. Timing: The best time to plant a fig tree is during the dormant season, typically in late fall or early spring (after the last frost). This allows the tree to establish its roots before the stress of hot weather. In very mild climates, you can plant year-round.
2. Location: Choose a sunny location that receives at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day. Figs also need well-drained soil. Avoid planting in areas with heavy clay or poor drainage, as this can lead to root rot. Figs are relatively tolerant of different soil pH levels, but they prefer a pH between 6.0 and 7.8.
3. Soil Preparation: Amend the soil with compost or other organic matter to improve drainage and fertility. If your soil is heavy clay, consider building a raised bed or planting on a mound to improve drainage.
4. Planting:
   • Dig a hole that is twice as wide and just as deep as the root ball of the tree.
   • Gently remove the tree from its container, being careful not to damage the roots.
   • Place the tree in the hole, making sure that the top of the root ball is level with the surrounding soil.
   • Backfill the hole with the amended soil, gently firming it around the roots.
   • Water the tree thoroughly after planting.
5. Spacing: Space fig trees 10-20 feet apart, depending on the variety and your pruning plans. If you plan to espalier the tree (train it against a wall or fence), you can plant it closer.
6. Watering: Water newly planted fig trees regularly, especially during dry periods. Once established, fig trees are relatively drought-tolerant, but they will produce better fruit with consistent moisture. A good rule of thumb is to water deeply once a week during the growing season, allowing the soil to dry out slightly between waterings.
7. Mulching: Apply a 2-4 inch layer of organic mulch (such as wood chips or straw) around the base of the tree, keeping the mulch a few inches away from the trunk. Mulch helps retain moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature.

Caring for Your Common Fig Tree

Pruning:

Pruning is essential for maintaining the health and productivity of your fig tree. The best time to prune is during the dormant season (late winter or early spring). The goals of pruning are to:

• Remove dead, damaged, or diseased wood.
• Thin out crowded branches to improve air circulation and sunlight penetration.
• Control the size and shape of the tree.
• Encourage fruit production.

Common figs produce fruit on both old wood (breba crop) and new wood (main crop). Different pruning strategies can be used depending on which crop you want to emphasize.

• Minimal Pruning: For maximum breba crop, prune lightly, removing only dead or damaged wood.
• Moderate Pruning: For a balance of breba and main crop, prune out some of the older wood and thin out crowded branches.
• Heavy Pruning: For maximum main crop, prune back the previous year’s growth to 2-4 buds. This stimulates new growth, which will bear the main crop.

Fertilizing:

Fig trees are not heavy feeders, but they will benefit from regular fertilization, especially in poor soils. A balanced fertilizer (such as 10-10-10) can be applied in early spring, before new growth begins. Avoid over-fertilizing, as this can lead to excessive vegetative growth and reduced fruit production. A soil test can help determine the specific nutrient needs of your tree. A study by the University of California Cooperative Extension recommends applying 1/2 to 1 pound of actual nitrogen per tree per year, split into several applications throughout the growing season.

Pest and Disease Control:

Fig trees are relatively pest and disease-resistant, but they can be susceptible to a few problems:

• Fig Rust: A fungal disease that causes yellow spots on the leaves, eventually leading to defoliation. Control with copper-based fungicides.
• Fig Mosaic Virus: A viral disease that causes mottled leaves and reduced fruit production. There is no cure for fig mosaic virus; infected trees should be removed.
• Nematodes: Microscopic worms that can damage the roots of fig trees. Soil solarization (covering the soil with clear plastic during the summer) can help control nematodes.
• Birds: Birds are attracted to ripe figs. Netting can be used to protect the fruit.
• Fig Beetle/ Fig Eater Beetle: This insect feed on ripe fruit. Control the beetle by handpicking.

Harvesting and Enjoying Your Figs

Figs are typically ready for harvest in late summer or early fall, depending on the variety and your climate. Ripe figs will be slightly soft to the touch and may have a slight crack in the skin. The color of the ripe fruit will also change, depending on the variety.

Harvest figs gently, as they bruise easily. You can eat them fresh, dry them, or use them in a variety of recipes, such as jams, preserves, and baked goods.

Propagating Common Fig Trees

Common fig trees are relatively easy to propagate from cuttings. This is a great way to expand your fig collection or share plants with friends.

1. Take Cuttings: The best time to take cuttings is during the dormant season (late winter or early spring). Choose healthy, one-year-old wood that is about 1/2 inch in diameter. Cut the wood into 8-12 inch lengths, making sure each cutting has at least 2-3 nodes (the points where leaves emerge).
2. Rooting Hormone (Optional): Dip the base of the cuttings in rooting hormone to encourage root development.
3. Planting Medium: Plant the cuttings in a well-draining potting mix, such as a mixture of perlite and peat moss.
4. Planting: Insert the cuttings into the potting mix, burying at least one node.
5. Watering: Water the cuttings thoroughly after planting.
6. Humidity: Keep the cuttings in a humid environment, such as a greenhouse or under a plastic dome. You can also mist the cuttings regularly.
7. Light: Place the cuttings in a bright location, but out of direct sunlight.
8. Rooting: Cuttings should root in 4-8 weeks. You can check for roots by gently tugging on the cuttings. If they resist, they have likely rooted.
9. Transplanting: Once the cuttings have rooted, you can transplant them into individual pots or into the garden.

Common Fig Tree Problems and Solutions

Problem	Description	Solution
Fruit Drop	Figs dropping prematurely.	Ensure consistent watering, especially during dry periods. Check for nutrient deficiencies and pests.
Fruit Splitting	Figs splitting open before ripening.	Maintain consistent soil moisture. Choose varieties resistant to splitting, such as ‘Celeste’.
Yellowing Leaves	Leaves turning yellow.	Could be due to overwatering, underwatering, nutrient deficiency, or fig rust. Adjust watering, fertilize, or treat with a fungicide if necessary.
No Fruit Production	Tree not producing fruit.	Ensure adequate sunlight (6-8 hours). Check for proper pruning. Some varieties may take a few years to start bearing fruit.
Leaf Curling	Leaves curling or distorting.	Could be due to pests (aphids, mites), disease, or environmental stress. Inspect the tree carefully and treat accordingly.
Sap Oozing from Trunk	Sap leaking from the trunk or branches.	Could be due to injury, disease, or insect infestation. Investigate the cause and treat accordingly.
Slow Growth	Tree growing slowly.	Could be due to poor soil, lack of sunlight, nutrient deficiency, or root problems. Amend the soil, ensure adequate sunlight, fertilize, and check the roots.

Common Fig Tree Uses and Benefits

The common fig tree, beyond its ease of cultivation and delightful fruit, offers a wealth of uses and benefits that extend far beyond the simple pleasure of eating a fresh fig. Gardencenterpoint.com believes in appreciating the multifaceted value of plants, and the fig tree is a shining example of a species that provides numerous advantages, from culinary versatility to potential health benefits and even ecological contributions.

Culinary Uses

The most obvious use of figs is, of course, culinary. Their unique texture and sweetness make them a versatile ingredient in a wide range of dishes:

• Fresh Eating: Ripe figs are a delicious and nutritious snack on their own. Their soft flesh and slightly crunchy seeds offer a satisfying sensory experience. Different varieties offer nuances in flavor, from honey-sweet to berry-like.
• Drying: Figs are exceptionally well-suited for drying, which concentrates their sweetness and creates a chewy, energy-rich treat. Dried figs can be enjoyed as a snack, added to trail mixes, or used in baking.
• Jams, Preserves, and Chutneys: Figs make excellent jams, preserves, and chutneys, their natural sweetness pairing well with both sweet and savory flavors. Fig jam is a classic, and fig chutney can add a unique touch to cheese boards or grilled meats.
• Baking: Figs can be incorporated into a variety of baked goods, from breads and muffins to cakes and tarts. Their moisture content helps keep baked goods tender, and their flavor adds a touch of sophistication.
• Savory Dishes: Figs are increasingly popular in savory dishes, adding a touch of sweetness and complexity. They pair well with cheeses (especially goat cheese and blue cheese), cured meats (such as prosciutto), and roasted vegetables. Grilled figs are a particular delicacy.
• Fig Leaves: While less commonly used, fig leaves are also edible and can impart a subtle, coconut-like flavor to dishes. They can be used to wrap foods for grilling or steaming, or infused in syrups or teas.

Potential Health Benefits

Figs are not only delicious but also offer several potential health benefits:

• Dietary Fiber: Figs are a good source of dietary fiber, both soluble and insoluble. Fiber is essential for digestive health, promoting regularity and preventing constipation. It can also help regulate blood sugar levels and lower cholesterol.
• Minerals: Figs contain several essential minerals, including potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron. Potassium is important for maintaining healthy blood pressure, while calcium and magnesium are crucial for bone health. Iron is essential for red blood cell production.
• Antioxidants: Figs are rich in antioxidants, which help protect the body against damage from free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can contribute to aging and various diseases.
• Prebiotics: Figs contain prebiotics, which are types of fiber that feed the beneficial bacteria in the gut. A healthy gut microbiome is essential for overall health and well-being.
• Potential Anti-inflammatory Properties: Some studies suggest that fig extracts may have anti-inflammatory properties. This is an area of ongoing research, but it suggests that figs may have benefits beyond their basic nutritional value.

A study published in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition (Vol. 30, No. 5, 2011) reviewed the nutritional composition and potential health benefits of figs. The researchers concluded that figs are a good source of fiber, minerals, and antioxidants, and that they may have positive effects on digestive health, blood sugar control, and cardiovascular health.

Ecological Benefits and Landscape Value

Beyond their human-centric uses, fig trees also offer ecological benefits:

• Wildlife Food Source: Figs are an important food source for various birds and mammals, providing them with essential nutrients.
• Habitat: Fig trees can provide shelter and nesting sites for birds and other wildlife.
• Ornamental Value: Fig trees are attractive additions to the landscape, with their large, lobed leaves and interesting branching structure. They can provide shade and visual interest in gardens and yards.
• Erosion Control: The extensive root system of fig trees can help stabilize soil and prevent erosion, particularly on slopes.
• Adaptability: Fig trees can adapt to various environments.

Gardencenterpoint.com encourages gardeners to consider the multiple benefits of the common fig tree, from its delicious fruit to its potential health benefits and ecological contributions. It’s a truly remarkable plant that deserves a place in many gardens. Planting and properly caring a common fig tree will surely give the owner plentiful rewards.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

• Q: How long does it take for a fig tree to produce fruit?
  • A: Fig trees can start producing fruit within 1-2 years of planting, but it may take 3-5 years for a full crop.
• Q: Can fig trees be grown in containers?
  • A: Yes, fig trees can be grown in containers. Choose a large container (at least 20 gallons) with good drainage. Use a high-quality potting mix and fertilize regularly.
• Q: Are fig trees self-pollinating?
  • A: Common fig trees are self-pollinating (parthenocarpic), meaning they do not require pollination to produce fruit.
• Q: What is the best fertilizer for fig trees?
  • A: A balanced fertilizer (such as 10-10-10) is generally recommended.
• Q: Do I need two fig trees to get fruit?
  • A: No, common fig trees are self-fruitful, so you do not need another tree for pollination.
• Q: How do I know when my fig is ready for harvest?
  • A: Usually fig will ripe when it is soft and its color change to a darker one.
• Q: Where to buy a common fig tree?
  • A: Refer to Gardencenterpoint.com to find the best common fig tree retailers and nurseries near you or online.