Great Bougainvillea, also commonly known as paper flower, buganvilla (Spanish), pokok bunga kertas (Malay), and napoleon (some regions), is a spectacular, vibrant flowering plant belonging to the Nyctaginaceae family. Its botanical name, Bougainvillea spp., encompasses a range of species and cultivars, all celebrated for their showy, colorful bracts (modified leaves) that surround the small, inconspicuous true flowers. These magnificent plants, beloved for their drought tolerance and adaptability, can transform any garden into a tropical paradise.
At Gardencenterpoint.com, we connect passionate gardeners with the resources they need to thrive. This comprehensive guide will provide you with everything you need to know about buying, planting, and caring for your Great Bougainvillea. We’ll cover the essential aspects of cultivating these stunning plants, ensuring you enjoy a breathtaking display of color.
1. Understanding Great Bougainvillea: A Deep Dive
Great Bougainvillea isn’t just a single plant; it’s a genus comprising around 18 species of thorny ornamental vines, bushes, and trees. Native to South America, particularly Brazil, Peru, and Argentina, they’ve been widely cultivated and hybridized, resulting in a dazzling array of colors, sizes, and growth habits. The key to their beauty lies not in the actual flowers, which are small and white or cream-colored, but in the vibrant bracts that surround them. These bracts come in a spectrum of hues, from fiery reds and oranges to soft pinks, purples, yellows, and even white.
| Common Names | Paper Flower, Bougainvillea, Buganvilla (Spanish), Pokok Bunga Kertas (Malay), Napoleon (regional) |
| Botanical Name | Bougainvillea spp. (This represents the genus; specific species vary) |
| Family | Nyctaginaceae |
| Genus | Bougainvillea |
| Species | Commonly spectabilis, glabra, peruviana, and numerous hybrids. |
| Origin | South America (primarily Brazil, Peru, Argentina) |
| Native | Not native to the USA, but widely cultivated. |
| Life Cycle | Perennial |
| Plant Type | Thorny ornamental vine, shrub, or tree (depending on variety and training) |
| Hardiness Zones | Generally 9-11 (some variation depending on the specific variety; some can tolerate zone 8 with protection) |
| Sunlight | Full Sun (minimum 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day) |
| Maintenance | Low to Moderate (depending on pruning and training needs) |
| Water | Low (Drought-tolerant once established) |
| Drainage | Well-Drained (Essential to prevent root rot) |
| Spacing | Varies greatly depending on variety and intended use (from 1-2 feet for compact shrubs to 10+ feet for vigorous climbers) |
| Flowering Period | Long blooming season; in warm climates, can bloom nearly year-round. Peak bloom often in spring/summer, but can be influenced by climate and pruning. |
| Height | Highly variable, 1ft- 30+ feet. |
| Growth Rate | Moderate to Fast (depending on variety, climate, and growing conditions) |
| Flower Color | True flowers are small and white/cream. Bract colors are diverse: Red, Pink, Purple, Orange, Yellow, White, and various shades and combinations. |
| Stem Color | Green to brownish-green; stems are thorny. |
| Flower Benefit | Long Bloom Season, Vibrant Colors, Attracts Pollinators |
| Garden Style | Mediterranean, Tropical, Coastal, Container Garden, Rock Garden |
| Uses | Vertical accent, groundcover, container plant, hedge, screen, specimen plant, bonsai, espalier. |
| Soil pH | 6.0 – 6.5 (Slightly acidic) |
| Propagation | Stem Cuttings, Air Layering, (Seeds less common) |
| Pest & Disease Resistance | Generally good, but susceptible to Bougainvillea Looper, Aphids, Mealybugs, Spider Mites, Root Rot (with overwatering), and Leaf Spot. |
| Toxicity | Sap may cause skin irritation; thorns present a physical hazard. Not highly toxic if ingested, but may cause mild upset. |
The popularity of bougainvillea stems from several factors:
- Drought Tolerance: Once established, bougainvillea are remarkably drought-tolerant, making them ideal for water-wise gardens and regions with limited rainfall. A study by the University of California, Davis, highlighted bougainvillea’s ability to withstand prolonged periods of water stress without significant impact on growth or flowering. (Source: University of California, Davis, Cooperative Extension)
- Long Blooming Season: In warm climates, bougainvillea can bloom almost year-round, providing a continuous splash of color. The duration and intensity of the bloom are influenced by factors like sunlight, temperature, and pruning.
- Versatility: Bougainvillea can be trained to grow in various forms: as sprawling vines climbing walls and trellises, as cascading shrubs in hanging baskets, as compact bushes, or even as bonsai specimens.
- Low Maintenance: While they do require some care, bougainvillea are generally considered low-maintenance plants, especially when compared to other flowering species.
- Attracts Pollinators: While the true flowers are small, the bright bracts attract pollinators like butterflies and hummingbirds to the garden.
The three most common Bougainvillea species used in horticulture are:
- Bougainvillea spectabilis: Known for its vigorous growth and large, vibrant bracts. It’s often used for covering walls and large structures.
- Bougainvillea glabra: A slightly less vigorous species with smoother leaves and a more compact growth habit. It’s well-suited for containers and smaller spaces.
- Bougainvillea peruviana: Features smaller, more delicate bracts and a more shrub-like growth habit.
Countless hybrids and cultivars have been developed from these species, offering a vast range of options for gardeners.
2. Popular Great Bougainvillea Varieties
The sheer variety of bougainvillea cultivars can be overwhelming, but this also means there’s a perfect bougainvillea for almost every garden and preference. Here’s a selection of some of the most popular and highly-rated varieties, categorized by color:
| Color Category | Variety Name | Description | Bloom Characteristics | Growth Habit | Special Notes |
| Red | ‘Barbara Karst’ | One of the most popular and widely available varieties. Known for its intense, bright red bracts and vigorous growth. | Profuse, long-lasting blooms | Vigorous climber | Very popular, readily available. |
| ‘Crimson Lake’ | Deep crimson-red bracts. | Rich, vibrant color | Vigorous | Excellent for creating a bold statement. | |
| Pink | ‘James Walker’ | Soft, rosy-pink bracts. | Delicate, romantic color | Moderate growth | A good choice for a softer, more subtle look. |
| ‘Pink Pixie’ | Dwarf variety with bright pink bracts. | Compact, profuse blooms | Dwarf | Ideal for containers and small spaces. | |
| Purple | ‘Purple Queen’ | Deep, rich purple bracts. | Intense, royal purple color | Vigorous | Creates a dramatic and eye-catching display. |
| ‘Royal Purple’ | Similar to ‘Purple Queen’ but with a slightly more reddish-purple hue. | Rich, vibrant purple | Vigorous | Another excellent choice for a bold statement. | |
| Orange | ‘California Gold’ | Golden-orange bracts that fade to a softer apricot color. | Warm, sunset-like colors | Moderate growth | Adds a touch of warmth and vibrancy to the garden. |
| ‘Sundown Orange’ | Bright orange bracts. | Vibrant, cheerful color | Moderate growth | A good choice for adding a pop of color. | |
| Yellow | ‘Golden Glow’ | Bright yellow bracts. | Cheerful, sunny yellow | Moderate growth | Brings a touch of sunshine to the garden. |
| ‘Yellow Glory’ | Similar to ‘Golden Glow’ but with a slightly more intense yellow color. | Intense, vibrant yellow | Moderate growth | Another excellent choice for adding brightness. | |
| White | ‘White Madonna’ | Pure white bracts. | Elegant, classic white | Moderate growth | Creates a clean, sophisticated look. |
| ‘Snowcap’ | Similar to ‘White Madonna’ but with a slightly more textured appearance. | Textured, pure white | Moderate growth | Adds a touch of elegance and purity to the garden. |
This table represents just a small sampling of the available varieties. When choosing a bougainvillea, consider your climate, available space, desired color, and growth habit. Consult with local nurseries or garden centers (which Gardencenterpoint.com can help you find!) for recommendations specific to your region.
3. Planting Great Bougainvillea: A Step-by-Step Guide
Successful bougainvillea cultivation starts with proper planting. Follow these steps to ensure your plant gets off to a healthy start:
- Timing: The best time to plant bougainvillea is in the spring or early summer, after the last frost has passed and the soil has warmed up. This gives the plant ample time to establish itself before the cooler months.
- Location: Bougainvillea thrive in full sun, requiring at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day. Choose a location that receives ample sunlight and has well-drained soil. Avoid planting in areas with heavy shade or poorly drained soil, as this can lead to root rot and reduced flowering.
- Soil Preparation: Bougainvillea prefer slightly acidic soil with a pH of 6.0-6.5. Amend the soil with organic matter, such as compost or well-rotted manure, to improve drainage and fertility. If your soil is heavy clay, consider adding sand or perlite to improve drainage.
- Planting Hole: Dig a hole that is twice as wide as the root ball and just as deep. Gently loosen the roots of the bougainvillea before planting.
- Planting: Carefully place the bougainvillea in the hole, making sure the top of the root ball is level with the surrounding soil. Backfill the hole with the amended soil, gently firming it around the roots.
- Watering: Water the newly planted bougainvillea thoroughly, making sure the water reaches the roots. Avoid overwatering, as this can lead to root rot.
- Mulching: Apply a layer of organic mulch, such as wood chips or bark, around the base of the plant. This helps retain moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature. Keep the mulch a few inches away from the stem to prevent rot.
- Support. If planting a vining type, provide trellising from the start.
4. Watering and Fertilizing Great Bougainvillea: Finding the Balance
While bougainvillea are drought-tolerant, they still need regular watering, especially during the establishment phase and during hot, dry periods. The key is to water deeply but infrequently, allowing the soil to dry out slightly between waterings. Overwatering is a common mistake that can lead to root rot and reduced flowering.
- Watering Schedule: A general guideline is to water deeply once a week during the growing season (spring and summer), and less frequently during the cooler months (fall and winter). Adjust the frequency based on rainfall, temperature, and soil type. Use a soaker hose or drip irrigation to deliver water directly to the roots, avoiding wetting the foliage.
- Signs of Underwatering: Wilting leaves, drooping stems, and dry, cracked soil are signs of underwatering.
- Signs of Overwatering: Yellowing leaves, leaf drop, and mushy stems are signs of overwatering.
Fertilizing bougainvillea can promote vigorous growth and abundant flowering, but it’s important to use the right type of fertilizer and apply it correctly.
- Fertilizer Type: Use a balanced, slow-release fertilizer formulated for flowering plants. Look for a fertilizer with a ratio of N-P-K (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) close to 1:1:1 or 2:1:2. Avoid high-nitrogen fertilizers, as they can promote excessive foliage growth at the expense of flowers.
- Fertilizing Schedule: Fertilize bougainvillea every 2-3 months during the growing season. Reduce or eliminate fertilization during the cooler months.
- Application: Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for application rates. Apply the fertilizer evenly around the base of the plant, avoiding contact with the stem. Water thoroughly after fertilizing.
5. Pruning Great Bougainvillea: Shaping and Encouraging Blooms
Pruning is essential for maintaining the shape and size of your bougainvillea and for encouraging abundant flowering. Bougainvillea bloom on new growth, so regular pruning promotes the development of new stems and flowers.
- Timing: The best time to prune bougainvillea is after the main flowering period, typically in late spring or early summer. You can also do light pruning throughout the growing season to remove dead or damaged wood and to shape the plant.
- Pruning Techniques:
- Pinching: Pinch back the tips of new growth to encourage branching and bushier growth.
- Thinning: Remove crowded or crossing branches to improve air circulation and light penetration.
- Hard Pruning: Cut back the plant severely to rejuvenate it or to control its size. This can be done every few years.
- Deadheading: Remove spent flowers to encourage new blooms.
- Tools: Use sharp, clean pruning shears or loppers. Disinfect the tools with rubbing alcohol before and after pruning to prevent the spread of disease.
- Wear Gloves: Bougainvillea have thorns. Protect your hands.
6. Supporting Great Bougainvillea: Trellises, Walls, and More
Bougainvillea are natural climbers, and they need support to grow vertically. Providing the right support system is crucial for achieving the desired shape and showcasing their beautiful blooms.
- Trellises: Trellises are a popular choice for supporting bougainvillea. Choose a sturdy trellis that can withstand the weight of the plant. Metal, wood, or plastic trellises are all suitable options.
- Walls: Bougainvillea can be trained to climb walls, fences, or other structures. Use vine clips, ties, or wire to secure the stems to the wall.
- Arbors and Pergolas: Bougainvillea can create a stunning display when grown over arbors or pergolas.
- Hanging Baskets: Smaller bougainvillea varieties can be grown in hanging baskets, allowing their stems to cascade down.
- Espalier: Bougainvillea can be trained into a formal espalier pattern against a wall or fence.
7. Propagating Great Bougainvillea: Creating New Plants
Bougainvillea can be propagated through several methods, allowing you to create new plants from your existing ones.
- Stem Cuttings: This is the most common and reliable method of propagating bougainvillea.
- Timing: Take cuttings in the spring or early summer, when the plant is actively growing.
- Cutting Selection: Choose healthy, semi-hardwood stems that are about 6-8 inches long.
- Preparation: Remove the lower leaves from the cutting, leaving 2-3 sets of leaves at the top. Dip the cut end in rooting hormone.
- Planting: Plant the cuttings in a well-drained potting mix, such as a mixture of perlite and peat moss.
- Care: Keep the cuttings moist and in a warm, bright location. Roots should develop within 4-6 weeks.
- Air Layering: This method is suitable for larger branches.
- Timing: Air layering can be done in the spring or summer.
- Procedure: Select a healthy branch and make a small wound on the stem. Wrap the wound with moist sphagnum moss and cover it with plastic wrap. Secure the plastic wrap with tape. Roots should develop within a few months. Once roots have formed, the branch can be cut from the parent plant and potted.
- Seed Propagation: Bougainvillea can be grown from seed, but this method is less reliable and the resulting plants may not be true to the parent plant.
8. Common Pests and Diseases of Great Bougainvillea
Bougainvillea are relatively pest and disease-resistant, but they can be susceptible to certain problems.
- Bougainvillea Looper: These caterpillars feed on the leaves, causing damage that can range from minor to severe. Handpick the caterpillars or use an insecticidal soap or Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).
- Aphids: These small, sap-sucking insects can infest bougainvillea, causing distorted growth and honeydew buildup. Control aphids with insecticidal soap or a strong jet of water.
- Mealybugs: These white, cottony insects can also infest bougainvillea, causing similar damage to aphids. Control mealybugs with insecticidal soap or rubbing alcohol.
- Spider Mites: These tiny pests can cause stippling and yellowing of the leaves. Control spider mites with insecticidal soap or horticultural oil.
- Root Rot: This fungal disease is caused by overwatering or poorly drained soil. Symptoms include yellowing leaves, leaf drop, and wilting. Prevent root rot by avoiding overwatering and ensuring good drainage.
- Leaf Spot: This fungal disease causes brown or black spots on the leaves. Prevent leaf spot by providing good air circulation and avoiding wetting the foliage when watering.
9. Overwintering Great Bougainvillea (For Colder Climates)
Bougainvillea are tropical plants and are not frost-tolerant. In regions with cold winters, they need to be overwintered indoors or in a protected location.
- Container Plants: If your bougainvillea is grown in a container, bring it indoors before the first frost. Place it in a bright, sunny location, such as a south-facing window. Reduce watering and fertilization during the winter months.
- In-Ground Plants: If your bougainvillea is planted in the ground, you can try to protect it from frost by covering it with a frost blanket or burlap. You can also dig up the plant and pot it, bringing it indoors for the winter.
- Dormancy: Bougainvillea may go dormant or semi-dormant during the winter, dropping some or all of their leaves. This is normal and the plant will resume growth in the spring.
10. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Great Bougainvillea
- Q: Why is my bougainvillea not blooming?
- A: Lack of sunlight, overwatering, over-fertilizing (too much nitrogen), and improper pruning are common causes of poor blooming. Ensure your bougainvillea receives at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight, water deeply but infrequently, use a balanced fertilizer, and prune after the main flowering period.
- Q: How often should I water my bougainvillea?
- A: Water deeply once a week during the growing season, allowing the soil to dry out slightly between waterings. Reduce watering during the cooler months.
- Q: How often should I fertilize my bougainvillea?
- A: Fertilize every 2-3 months during the growing season with a balanced, slow-release fertilizer.
- Q: Can bougainvillea grow in shade?
- A: Bougainvillea need full sun to thrive and bloom profusely. They will not perform well in shade.
- Q: Are bougainvillea poisonous?
- A: Bougainvillea sap can cause skin irritation in some people. The thorns can also cause injury. It’s best to wear gloves when handling bougainvillea. The plant is not considered highly toxic to humans or pets, but ingestion may cause mild gastrointestinal upset. Source: ASPCA
- Q: What is the lifespan of a bougainvillea? *A: With proper care, bougainvilleas can live for many decades.
11. Great Bougainvillea and the Environment
Bougainvillea’s drought tolerance makes it an environmentally friendly choice for landscaping, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. By reducing the need for frequent watering, bougainvillea conserves water, a precious resource. Furthermore, their ability to attract pollinators contributes to biodiversity in the garden.
12. The Therapeutic Benefits of Gardening with Great Bougainvillea
Gardening, in general, has been shown to have numerous therapeutic benefits, including stress reduction, improved mood, and increased physical activity. Caring for bougainvillea, with its vibrant colors and rewarding blooms, can be a particularly fulfilling and therapeutic experience. The act of nurturing a plant and witnessing its growth can provide a sense of accomplishment and connection to nature.
Conclusion (Call to Action):
Great Bougainvillea are truly magnificent plants that can bring a touch of the tropics to any garden. With their vibrant colors, long blooming season, and drought tolerance, they are a rewarding and relatively low-maintenance choice for gardeners of all levels. By following the guidelines outlined in this comprehensive guide, you can successfully grow and enjoy these stunning plants for years to come.
Remember, Gardencenterpoint.com is your go-to resource for all things gardening. We connect you with the best local nurseries and garden centers, providing access to expert advice, high-quality plants, and all the tools and supplies you need to create your dream garden.
Explore More at Gardencenterpoint.com:
- Discover other stunning flowering plants: Browse our extensive plant database to find inspiration for your garden. Consider other vibrant options like Hibiscus, Lantana, and Mandevilla.
- Learn essential gardening techniques: Access our comprehensive guides on pruning, fertilizing, watering, and pest control.
- Find the perfect tools for your garden: Explore our reviews of gardening tools, irrigation systems, and garden accessories.
- Unlock surprising gardening hacks: Discover gardening tips and tricks shared by experienced gardeners worldwide. Learn about companion planting to maximize the health and yields of your plants.
- Read Reviews on Garden Power Tools: See our reviews of Chainsaws, Lawn Mowers.
Start your Great Bougainvillea journey today and transform your garden into a vibrant paradise! Don’t hesitate to explore the wealth of information and resources available at Gardencenterpoint.com – your trusted partner in creating a thriving and beautiful garden. Consider starting a container garden. Maybe you might be interested in a raised bed garden.
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- Bougainvillea plants from various online retailers
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2. Great Bougainvillea Uses and Benefits
Great Bougainvillea offers a wealth of benefits beyond its stunning visual appeal. This versatile plant provides numerous uses, ranging from landscape design and environmental advantages to potential therapeutic applications. Understanding these benefits enhances the appreciation for this remarkable species and encourages its responsible cultivation.
Landscape Design Applications:
- Vertical Accents: Bougainvillea’s climbing habit makes it perfect for adding vertical interest to gardens. Train it on walls, fences, trellises, or arbors to create vibrant, living tapestries. This vertical growth maximizes space utilization, especially in smaller gardens.
- Groundcover: Certain varieties, particularly the less vigorous and more spreading types, can function as effective groundcover. They suppress weeds, reduce soil erosion, and provide a splash of color to otherwise bare areas.
- Container Gardening: Bougainvillea thrives in containers, making it suitable for patios, balconies, and even indoor spaces (with sufficient sunlight). Container planting allows for easy movement and overwintering in colder climates.
- Focal Points: A well-placed, brilliantly colored bougainvillea can serve as a striking focal point in the landscape, drawing the eye and creating a sense of drama.
- Hedges and Screens: When planted closely together and pruned regularly, bougainvillea can form dense hedges or screens, providing privacy and defining boundaries. The thorny stems offer an added layer of security.
- Bonsai: The adaptability of bougainvillea extends to the art of bonsai. Skilled gardeners can cultivate miniature bougainvillea specimens, showcasing their beauty in a compact form.
- Topiary: Bougainvillea can be trained and pruned into different shapes.
Environmental Benefits:
- Drought Tolerance: As highlighted earlier, bougainvillea’s exceptional drought tolerance makes it an environmentally responsible choice, particularly in water-scarce regions. This reduces the need for irrigation and conserves valuable water resources. A study published in the Journal of Environmental Horticulture confirmed bougainvillea’s ability to maintain aesthetic quality even under significant water stress. (Source: Journal of Environmental Horticulture)
- Soil Erosion Control: The extensive root system of bougainvillea helps bind soil particles together, reducing erosion on slopes and embankments.
- Pollinator Attraction: While the true flowers are small, the brightly colored bracts attract pollinators like butterflies and hummingbirds, contributing to biodiversity and supporting local ecosystems.
- Air Purification: Like many plants, bougainvillea contributes to air purification by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen.
Therapeutic and Other Potential Uses:
- Stress Reduction: The vibrant colors and beauty of bougainvillea can have a calming and stress-reducing effect. Studies have shown that exposure to nature and colorful plants can improve mood and reduce anxiety.
- Aesthetic Enjoyment: The sheer beauty of bougainvillea provides aesthetic enjoyment and enhances the overall quality of life for those who cultivate and observe it.
- Traditional Medicine: In some cultures, bougainvillea has been used in traditional medicine for various purposes. However, it’s crucial to note that scientific evidence supporting these uses is limited, and consulting a healthcare professional is essential before using bougainvillea for medicinal purposes.
- Cut Flowers: Although the best color is on the plant, cut stems can be used to brighten up the indoors.
By understanding the multifaceted uses and benefits of Great Bougainvillea, gardeners can make informed decisions about incorporating this remarkable plant into their landscapes and lives. Gardencenterpoint.com encourages responsible and sustainable gardening practices, and bougainvillea, with its numerous advantages, aligns perfectly with this ethos. This versatile plant offers a winning combination of beauty, resilience, and environmental benefits.
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Common Names: Paper Flower, Bougainvillea, Buganvilla (Spanish), Pokok Bunga Kertas (Malay), Napoleon (regional)
Botanical Name: Bougainvillea spp. (This represents the genus; specific species vary)
Family: Nyctaginaceae
Genus: Bougainvillea
Species: Commonly spectabilis, glabra, peruviana, and numerous hybrids.
Origin: South America (primarily Brazil, Peru, Argentina)
Native: Not native to the USA, but widely cultivated.
Life Cycle: Perennial
Plant Type: Thorny ornamental vine, shrub, or tree (depending on variety and training)
Hardiness Zones: Generally 9-11 (some variation depending on the specific variety; some can tolerate zone 8 with protection)
Sunlight: Full Sun (minimum 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day)
Maintenance: Low to Moderate (depending on pruning and training needs)
Water: Low (Drought-tolerant once established)
Drainage: Well-Drained (Essential to prevent root rot)
Spacing: Varies greatly depending on variety and intended use (from 1-2 feet for compact shrubs to 10+ feet for vigorous climbers)
Flowering Period: Long blooming season; in warm climates, can bloom nearly year-round. Peak bloom often in spring/summer, but can be influenced by climate and pruning.
Height: Highly variable, 1ft- 30+ feet.
Growth Rate: Moderate to Fast (depending on variety, climate, and growing conditions)
Flower Color: True flowers are small and white/cream. Bract colors are diverse: Red, Pink, Purple, Orange, Yellow, White, and various shades and combinations.
Stem Color: Green to brownish-green; stems are thorny.
Flower Benefit: Long Bloom Season, Vibrant Colors, Attracts Pollinators
Garden Style: Mediterranean, Tropical, Coastal, Container Garden, Rock Garden
Uses: Vertical accent, groundcover, container plant, hedge, screen, specimen plant, bonsai, espalier.
Soil pH: 6.0 – 6.5 (Slightly acidic)
Propagation: Stem Cuttings, Air Layering, (Seeds less common)
Pest & Disease Resistance: Generally good, but susceptible to Bougainvillea Looper, Aphids, Mealybugs, Spider Mites, Root Rot (with overwatering), and Leaf Spot.
Toxicity: Sap may cause skin irritation; thorns present a physical hazard. Not highly toxic if ingested, but may cause mild upset.
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